Social phobia and cigarette smoking: An experimental investigation

描述（由申请人提供）：吸烟是一种普遍和昂贵的行为，估计每年在美国造成超过440，000人死亡（CDC，2008 a）。吸烟率在患有精神病理学的个体中特别高（CDC，2008 a）。在这类具有精神病理学的个体中，具有社交恐惧症（SP）的个体代表了吸烟率升高的一大组，其戒烟率低于没有精神病理学的个体（Lasser等人，2000; Ruscio等人，2008年）。这些研究结果突出了吸烟者与SP作为一个特别重要的群体进行进一步检查。 对于患有SP的个体，吸烟可用于减少预期和社交情境期间的社交焦虑感，并且还可用于增加与其他吸烟者的接触（McCabe等人，2004; Wittchen，Stein，& Kessler，1999）。两项现有的前瞻性纵向研究表明，SP和吸烟之间存在关系，并且这种关系可能是暂时的，使得SP和SP症状预测尼古丁依赖的发作（Breslau，Novak，& Kessler，2004; Sonntag等人，2000年）。尽管存在这种关系，但迄今为止还没有研究通过实验研究SP和吸烟之间的功能关系，以确定SP患者是否以这种方式使用香烟来减少预期社交情况或应对与这些情况相关的压力的焦虑。考虑到吸烟的长期后果，重要的是要清楚地了解吸烟与SP之间的功能关系，以便将来为SP患者制定有针对性的干预措施和戒烟计划。为此，拟议的研究探讨了SP水平与吸烟的关系。（高SP，具有平均SP的健康对照）和吸烟相关的结果（吸烟地形、香烟渴望、香烟的相对强化功效（RRE））作为诱发的社会应激（中性，应激）的函数。此外，目前的研究探讨负强化预期（NRE）作为SP和吸烟结果之间的关系的调节剂。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Cigarette smoking is a prevalent and costly behavior that is estimated to kill over 440,000 people in the United States every year (CDC, 2008a). Rates of cigarette smoking are particularly elevated among individuals with psychopathology (CDC, 2008a). Within this category of individuals with psychopathology, individuals with Social Phobia (SP) represent a large group with elevated rates of cigarette smoking who quit smoking at rates lower than that of individuals without psychopathology (Lasser et al., 2000; Ruscio et al., 2008). These findings highlight cigarette smokers with SP as a particularly important group for further examination. For individuals with SP, cigarette smoking may be used to reduce feelings of social anxiety in anticipation of and during social situations and may also be used to increase contact with other smokers (McCabe et al., 2004; Wittchen, Stein, & Kessler, 1999). Two existing prospective longitudinal studies suggest that a relationship between SP and cigarette smoking exists and that this relationship may be temporal in nature such that SP and SP symptoms predict the onset of nicotine dependence (Breslau, Novak, & Kessler, 2004; Sonntag et al., 2000). Despite this relationship, no studies to date have experimentally examined the functional relationship between SP and cigarette smoking in order to determine if cigarettes are being used in this manner by individuals with SP to reduce anxiety in anticipation of social situations or in response to stress associated with these situations. Considering the long-term consequences of cigarette smoking, it is important to get a clear understanding of the functional relationship between cigarette smoking and SP in order to create targeted interventions and cessation programs in the future for individuals with SP. Towards this end, the proposed study examines the relationship between level of SP (high SP, healthy control with average SP) and cigarette smoking-related outcomes (smoking topography, cigarette craving, relative reinforcement efficacy (RRE) of a cigarette) as a function of induced social stress (neutral, stress). Additionally, the current study examines negative reinforcement expectancies (NREs) as a moderator of the relationship between SP and smoking outcomes.