Disparity processing in human visual cortex

描述（由申请人提供）：场景布局和观察者运动的双眼感觉线索的处理与指向方向的运动控制不可分割地交织在一起 的眼睛。理解这种关系背后的神经机制对于理解可能导致斜视和功能性双眼丧失的发育失败是非常重要的。感觉双眼的正常发育顺序知之甚少，直到最近才意识到3D特定的运动信号也有助于深度感知。这里首次显示，这些3D运动线索为聚散眼球运动提供了重要的输入。对这些运动线索的敏感性的正常发育顺序目前尚不清楚。也不知道这些信号如何与视差线索相互作用以控制眼球运动，或者它们如何影响斜视。因此，提案的每个目标都是围绕水平视差和3D运动线索之间的相互关系以及水平视差和3D运动线索的并行处理来组织的。第一个目标将使用高密度脑电图记录，以确定正常发育的婴儿和儿童的差异和运动处理系统的发育顺序。工作的假设，相对运动和视差的敏感性都取决于特定领域的空间相互作用的发展，这些相互作用的发展早在运动系统比他们在视差系统和运动线索增强立体线索的运动在发展早期的深度将被测试。第二个目标将结合联合收割机功能磁共振成像和高密度脑电图记录在正常成年人，以确定时间和模式的空间相互作用的基础上的相对运动和差异线索的处理跨识别的视觉区域。假设相对运动刺激比相对视差刺激更有效地激活较低水平的视觉区域，并且特定领域的周围组织的表现将是 在相对运动刺激的早期视网膜定位皮层中更明显。第三个目标 将跟进飞行员数据，这些数据表明3D运动提示为聚散眼球运动提供了独立的且很大程度上是无意识的速度输入。第四个目标将测试的假设，即在早发性斜视中常见的运动处理的发育不对称性与更普遍的三维运动处理机制的发育失败有关。拟议的研究将提供一个详细的了解正常和异常的双眼视觉及其发展，无论是通过测试新的假设感觉处理和运动控制，但也通过使用强大的新方法来脑电图记录，将很容易转移到研究的影响治疗双眼视觉和其他疾病的视觉处理在发展的关键时期。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The processing of binocular sensory cues for scene layout and observer motion is inextricably intertwined with motor control of the pointing direction of the eyes. It is of great importance to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this relationship in order to understand developmental failures that can lead to strabismus and the loss of functional binocularity. The normal developmental sequence for sensory binocularity is poorly understood and it has only recently been appreciated that 3D-specific motion signals also contribute to depth perception. It is shown here for the first time, that these 3D motion cues provide an important input to vergence eye movements. The normal developmental sequence for sensitivity to these motion cues is currently unknown. Neither is it known how these signals interact with disparity cues to control eye movements or how they are affected in strabismus. Therefore, each Aim of the proposal is organized around the inter-relationship between, and parallel processing of, horizontal disparity and 3D motion cues. The first Aim will use high-density EEG recordings to determine the developmental sequences for disparity and motion processing systems in normally developing infants and children. The working hypotheses that sensitivity to relative motion and disparity both depend on the development of domain-specific spatial interactions, that these interactions develop earlier in the motion system than they do in the disparity system and that motion-cues augment stereo cues for motion-in-depth early in development will be tested. The second Aim will combine fMRI and high-density EEG recordings in normal adults to determine the timing and pattern of spatial interactions that underlie the processing of relative motion and disparity cues across identified visual areas. The hypotheses that relative motion stimuli more effectively activate lower-level visual areas than do relative disparity stimuli and that manifestations of domain-specific surround organization will be more apparent in early retinotopic cortex for relative motion stimuli will be tested. The third Aim will follow up on pilot data indicating that 3D motion cues provide an independent and largely involuntary velocity input to vergence eye movements. The fourth Aim will test the hypothesis that developmental asymmetries of motion processing that are common in early onset strabismus are related to a more general developmental failure of 3D motion processing mechanisms. The proposed studies will provide a detailed understanding of both normal and abnormal binocular vision and its development, both by testing of novel hypotheses about sensory processing and motor control, but also through the use of powerful new approaches to EEG recording that will be readily transferable to studies of the effects of treatment for binocula vision and other disorders of visual processing during the developmental critical period.