Improved Batteries for Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators

项目总结/摘要 对植入式心脏起搏器（ICD）的需求不断增长， 2004年植入的设备，预计在未来十年将急剧增加， 扩大医疗保险的适应症和覆盖范围。对这些生命的接受程度越来越高- 节省设备增加了对改进ICD功能的需求。的寿命 植入后ICD患者的平均寿命增加至10年，而平均器械寿命为 大约5年。因此，大多数患者需要额外的手术来更换他们的原始设备， 导致临床风险和成本。 目前的基准电源技术是锂/银钒氧化物 (Li/SVO）在20年前开发的。Li/SVO电池技术可以显示出显著的 中期性能下降称为电压延迟。这种电压延迟， 阴极溶解性和阳极上钝化膜的相关形成， 导致许多患者在2.5 - 3年时过早取出器械，原因是 治疗延迟。沿着额外的意外手术费用， 过早取出器械会引起患者焦虑。为“变通办法”而采用的备选办法 Li/SVO电压延迟导致电池寿命缩短。 项目的总体目标是用基础科学解决这个问题， 展示了可用于延长寿命的新的上级阴极材料， 提高ICD电池的一致性。该项目有三个具体 目标：1）开发一种新的改进型电池材料，用于ICD应用 基于MwM'xPyOz（MM'PO）族的金属-金属-磷氧化物（M =银 或铜; M' =钒或铁），2）在实验电池中测试材料， 模拟ICD功能的模拟使用方案，以及3）比较关键特征 长期稳定性（缺乏溶解性和电压延迟），能量输送和能量 满足当前电池基准技术（Li/SVO）。 拟议的活动涉及合成，表征和电化学的 新材料家族，即MPOs。我们假设MM'PO将改善ICD 基于基本化学性质的电池性能：溶解度降低 与类似的氧化物化合物相比，磷酸盐基材料的高电压 钒或铁化合物产生高水平的能量输送， 基体中的银或铜离子以提供高体积能量含量。

Project Summary/Abstract There is an ever growing demand for implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs), with over 100,000 devices implanted in 2004, and dramatic increases anticipated over the next decade due to expanded indications and coverage by Medicare. The growing level of acceptance of these life- saving devices has increased the desire for improved ICD function. The lifetime of the average ICD patient after implant has increased to 10 years while the average device lifetime is around 5 years. Thus, most patients require additional surgeries to replace their original device, resulting in both clinical risk and cost. The current benchmark power source technology is lithium/silver vanadium oxide (Li/SVO) developed >20 years ago. Li/SVO battery technology can display a significant midlife decrease in performance termed voltage delay. This voltage delay, a result of cathode solubility and the associated formation of a passivation film on the anode, has caused premature device explants for numerous patients at the 2.5 to 3 year point due to delays in therapy delivery. Along with the added expense of the unplanned surgery, premature device explant can create patient anxiety. Options employed to `work around' Li/SVO voltage delay lead to shortened battery life. The overall project goal is to solve this problem with fundamental science by demonstrating new superior cathode materials that could be used to extend the life and improve the consistency of ICD batteries. The proposed project has three specific objectives: 1) develop a new class of improved battery materials for ICD applications based on metal-metal-phosphorous-oxides of the MwM'xPyOz (MM'PO) family (M = silver or copper; M' = vanadium or iron), 2) test the materials in experimental batteries under simulated use schemes mimicking ICD function, and 3) compare the key characteristics of long term stability (lack of solubility and voltage delay), energy delivery, and energy content with the current battery benchmark technology (Li/SVO). The proposed activity involves the synthesis, characterization and electrochemistry of a new family of materials, MM'POs. We hypothesize that MM'POs will have improved ICD battery performance based on their fundamental chemical properties: reduced solubility of phosphate based materials compared to analogous oxide compounds, high voltage of vanadium or iron compounds yielding high levels of energy delivery, and the inclusion of silver or copper ions in the matrix to provide high volumetric energy content.