Using Mobile Phones to Reduce Missing Data in Youth Activity Monitoring Studies

描述(由申请人提供)：青春期缺乏体育活动会增加一些严重健康状况的风险。寻求在青少年中增加体力活动和/或减少久坐行为的监测、流行病学和干预研究可以通过更有信息量和更准确地测量这些行为的方法来加强。对体力活动和久坐行为的回溯性自我报告的有效性的担忧导致越来越多地使用客观测量方法，例如加速计和全球定位系统(GPS)记录器，这些测量方法可以在锻炼或其他关键活动后使用自我发起的事件应急电子生态瞬时评估(EMA)来补充主观或背景信息。无论使用哪种技术，设备未磨损、设备故障和参与者无响应都会导致丢失和模糊的数据，从而使统计分析复杂化。被招募到客观PA监测研究中的青少年将越来越多地拥有所谓的“智能手机”，即内置运动传感器和定位功能的微型计算机。复杂的程序(即“应用程序”)可以很容易地安装在手机上。该项目的总体目标是为普通移动电话开发新的软件，以减少和解释在对自由生活的青少年进行客观和EMA活动监测研究期间收集的丢失数据。这项技术将以最低的额外成本补充目前已经使用的客观监测器。我们的解决方案将有三个新颖的组件：(1)使用移动设备的内置传感器来检测移动类型或位置的主要转变的手机应用程序，在此之后，触发及时的上下文敏感的问题和提醒，以减少和解释丢失或不完整的活动、位置和事件相关的EMA数据，无论使用的是内置还是外部目标监视器；(2)具有娱乐性、这款应用提供了一种类似游戏的感觉，允许青少年在一天结束时使用自动检测到的主要过渡的线索来交互地“填补”他们自己数据中的空白，以解释这种缺失的数据，以及(3)服务器端软件，它将远程实时收集这两款应用的数据，并为研究人员提供一种经济高效的方式，以减少缺失数据，并改进活动中过渡的特征。该系统的可行性、可接受性和性能将在一项主题内研究中与当前的艺术状态进行比较，该研究以40名9-12年级的中低收入、种族多样化的自由生活青少年为样本。所有软件的源代码将免费提供给其他研究人员。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Physical inactivity during adolescence increases risk for a number of serious health conditions. Surveillance, epidemiological, and intervention studies seeking to increase physical activity and/or decrease sedentary behaviors in adolescents could be enhanced through more informative and accurate methods of measuring these behaviors. Concerns about the validity of retrospective self report of physical activity and sedentary behavior have led to increasing use of objective measures, e.g., accelerometers and Global Positioning System (GPS) loggers, which can be complemented by subjective or contextual information using self-initiated event-contingent electronic ecological momentary assessment (EMA) after exercise or other critical activities. Regardless of the technique used, device non-wear, equipment malfunction, and participant non-response result in missing and ambiguous data that complicate statistical analysis. Adolescents recruited into objective PA monitoring studies will increasingly have so-called "smart phones," which are miniature computers with built in motion sensors and location-finding capabilities. Sophisticated programs (i.e., "apps") can be easily installed on the phones. The overall objective of this project is to develop new software for common mobile phones that can both reduce and explain missing data collected during objective and EMA activity monitoring studies with free living adolescents. This technology will supplement objective monitors already used today, with minimal additional cost. Our solution will have three novel components: (1) A phone "app" that uses the mobile device's built-in sensors to detect major transitions in type of movement or location, after which timely, context-sensitive questions and reminders are triggered that will reduce and explain missing or incomplete activity, location, and event- contingent EMA data, regardless of whether built-in or external objective monitors are used, (2) A second phone "app" that has an entertaining, game-like feel and allows adolescents to interactively "fill in gaps" in their own data at the end of the day using cues from automatically-detected major transitions to explain this missing data, and (3) Server-side software that will remotely collect data from the two apps in real-time and provide researchers with a cost-efficient way to reduce missing data and improve characterization of transition in activity. The system's feasibility, acceptability, and performance will be compared to the current state of the art in a within-subjects study with a free-living sample 40 low-to-middle income, ethnically diverse adolescents in 9-12th grade. The source code for all the software will be made freely available to other researchers.