REALTIME waterpipe tobacco smoke toxicant sampling in the natural environment

说明（由申请人提供）：在全球范围内，烟草使用每年造成490万人死亡。这些死亡是由于吸入烟雾有毒物质造成的。广泛的研究描述了香烟烟雾的有毒物质含量（或“产量”），这是了解使用者接触有毒物质的重要环节。然而，数以百万计的人使用水烟管吸烟。吸烟也可能是致命的，尽管人们对吸烟有毒物质的含量知之甚少。水烟（水烟，水烟）有软管、水碗、烟身和一个“头”，里面装满了加糖和调味的烟草，用木炭加热。在美国，吸烟人数正在增加，尤其是在大学生中。相对于一支香烟，一次使用WP可以产生100倍的烟雾。目前的技术要求，如果我们要了解WP烟雾，我们必须使用机器来产生它。机器产生的烟雾可能会限制有效性，因为WP烟雾的产生涉及几个关键变量，这些变量因用户和使用事件而异，在分析实验室中无法标准化。对PAR-08-212的响应将机械工程、化学和临床行为药理学结合起来，开发和测试了一种不显眼的WP烟雾采样仪器，目的是评估自然环境中产生的烟雾的毒性含量。具体目标是：1)表征实时WP烟雾采样装置（第1-3年）。我们已经开发了一种原型装置，可以实时测量喷雾剂的地形和样品。由于设备中的颗粒沉积可能会改变烟雾有毒物质的含量，因此需要开发校正因子，以根据测量结果推断出真实的有毒物质含量。因此，我们将测量设备中有毒物质特定沉积部分，特别是：颗粒数，颗粒质量，尼古丁，烟草特定亚硝胺和多环芳烃。2)评估临床实验室的实时设计方案（1年级和2年级）。两种设计方案，烟雾采样器的放置和采样的烟雾百分比，涉及到毒物含量的准确测量和真实吸烟者行为之间的权衡。我们提出了两项对照临床实验室研究，以指导设计选择，研究1解决采样器放置（碗或嘴），研究2解决采样烟雾的百分比（2%、5%或10%）。首选方案最大限度地实际烟雾毒性分析，同时尽量减少对吸烟者行为的影响。3)在自然环境中评估REALTIME（第4、5年级）。REALTIME将附属于同意个人和团体使用的WP咖啡馆顾客。该研究将展示REALTIME在自然环境中的使用，并检查WP用户数量与烟草温度和WP烟雾毒物产量之间的关系。总而言之，本项目开发的技术和方法将能够有效地分析WP烟雾毒物含量。这个跨学科项目解决了一个新出现的公共卫生威胁，与NIH的使命直接相关，完全响应PAR-08-212。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Globally, tobacco use accounts for 4.9 million deaths each year. These deaths are caused by inhaled smoke toxicants. Extensive research describes cigarette smoke toxicant content (or "yield"), a vital link to understanding user toxicant exposure. However, millions of people use waterpipes (WP) to smoke tobacco. WP tobacco smoking may also be deadly, though little is known about WP smoke toxicant yield. A WP (hookah, shisha) has a hose, water bowl, body, and a "head" filled with sweetened and flavored tobacco that is heated with charcoal. WP tobacco smoking is increasing in the U.S., especially among college students. Relative to one cigarette, one WP use episode can generate 100 times the smoke. Current technology demands that, if we are to learn about WP smoke, we must use machines to generate it. Machine-generated smoke may limit validity because generation of WP smoke involves several key variables that differ by user and use episode which cannot be standardized in the analytical lab. This response to PAR-08-212 integrates mechanical engineering, chemistry, and clinical behavioral pharmacology to develop and test an unobtrusive WP smoke sampling instrument for the purpose of assessing the toxicant content of smoke produced in the natural environment. The specific aims are to: 1) Characterize a real-time WP smoke sampling device (Years 1-3). We have developed a prototype device that measures puff topography and samples WP smoke in real- time (REALTIME). Because particle deposition in the device may alter smoke toxicant content, correction factors need to be developed to infer true toxicant content from that measured. We will therefore measure toxicant-specific deposition fractions in the device, in particular for: particle number, particle mass, nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 2) Evaluate REALTIME design options in the clinical laboratory (Years 1 and 2). Two design options, placement of the smoke sampler and the percentage of smoke sampled, involve tradeoffs between accurate measurement of toxicant content and realistic smoker behavior. We propose two controlled clinical laboratory studies to inform design option choice, with Study 1 addressing sampler placement (bowl or mouthpiece) and Study 2 addressing percentage of smoke sampled (2, 5, or 10%). The preferred option maximizes realistic smoke toxicant analysis while minimizing effects on smoker behavior. 3) Evaluate REALTIME in the natural environment (years 4 and 5). REALTIME will be attached to WPs used by consenting individual and groups of WP cafi patrons. The study will demonstrate REALTIME's use in natural settings and examine the relationship between the number of WP users and tobacco temperature and WP smoke toxicant yield. In sum, the technology and methodology developed in this project will enable valid analysis of WP smoke toxicant content. This interdisciplinary project addresses an emerging public health threat and is directly relevant to the NIH mission and wholly responsive to PAR-08-212.