Biodefense Project

REB开展的大多数剂量测定工作都直接或间接应用于评估涉及环境辐射的生物恐怖主义事件的辐射剂量。自2005年以来，REB所有与生物恐怖主义有关的研究都是根据NIAID和NCI之间的机构间协议资助的。放射性核素研究：甲状腺功能亢进患者131 I生物动力学数据分析：本研究旨在定量分析1961年之前最初接受放射性碘治疗甲状腺毒症的3,000多名患者体内碘-131（131 I）运动的生物动力学数据，这些患者入组了最初的甲状腺毒症随访健康研究（TTFUS）。 完成了碘的稳健生物动力学模型的开发，并计算了143例患者的生物动力学模型参数和器官剂量系数，这些患者测量了甲状腺、碘化物和蛋白结合碘（PBI）中的碘。外推整个队列的剂量估计值。开发了一种软件工具KinDose（动力学数据剂量估计软件），用于在使用SAAM II模拟和建模软件分析数据时，根据体内放射性的生物动力学测量值计算器官剂量。放射性沉降物：将关于世界范围沉降物的历史文件存档，并开发一个数据库，以改进沉降物预测模型。REB和合作者开发了第一个全球沉降物数据综合数据库，作为一个可访问的研究工具，其中包含从环境测量实验室（EML）获得的关于全球沉降物沉积数据的扫描和可搜索的历史文件集。利用该数据库，REB研究人员正在开发改进的局部和全球沉降物扩散模型，用于预测未来核武器爆炸事件中的沉降。俄罗斯联邦环境局正在进行一项调查，以估计1949年至1962年期间在哈萨克斯坦塞米巴拉金斯克核试验场进行的地面核试验产生的放射性沉降物对儿童造成的内部和外部辐射剂量。剂量测定工作是一项研究的关键组成部分，该研究使用美国/俄罗斯联合剂量测定方法，二维蒙特卡罗（2DMC）的策略，剂量估计与不确定性，和焦点小组访谈策略，收集个人消费率和其他行为的数据。Trinity：分析TRINITY核试验对新墨西哥州居民的辐射剂量和健康风险。根据国会的授权，对1945年7月在新墨西哥州进行的第一次核试验的剂量和风险进行了部分评估。1945年7月新墨西哥州进行的第一次核试验Trinity对新墨西哥州居民进行了初步剂量计算（全身和甲状腺）。计划通过访谈和焦点小组收集饮食和生活方式数据，然后建立饮食模型，估计剂量和估计健康风险。基于网络的沉降剂量和风险计算器。根据美国国家科学院的建议，目前正在估算美国人民因世界各地进行的核武器试验的沉降物中的I-131而受到的甲状腺辐射剂量，包括编制一个基于网络的计算器，以估算相应的个人甲状腺辐射剂量和相关的甲状腺癌风险。

Most of the dosimetry work that is carried out at REB has direct or indirect applications to the assessment of radiation doses from bioterrorism events involving environmental radiation. Since 2005, all of the bioterrorism-related studies at REB are funded under an Inter-Agency Agreement between NIAID and NCI. Radionuclide Studies: Analysis of 131I biokinetic data for hyperthyroid patients: This study is designed to quantitatively analyze biokinetic data on the movement of Iodine-131 (131I) within the human body in more than 3,000 patients who were originally treated with radioactive iodine for thyrotoxicosis prior to 1961, and who were enrolled in the original Thyrotoxicosis Follow-up Health Study (TTFUS). Development of a robust biokinetic model for iodine was completed and the parameters of the biokinetic model and the organ dose coefficients were calculated for the group of 143 patients with iodine measurements in thyroid, iodide, and protein-bound iodine (PBI). Dose estimation was extrapolated for entire cohort. A software tool, KinDose (Kinetic Data Dose Estimation Software) was developed to calculate organ doses from biokinetic measurements of radioactivity in the body when the data are analyzed with the SAAM II simulation and modeling software. Radioactive Fallout: Archival of historical documents on worldwide fallout and development of a database to improve fallout prediction models. REB and collaborators develops the first comprehensive database of worldwide fallout data as an accessible research tool containing scanned and searchable historical document collection obtained from the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) for data on fallout deposition worldwide. Using this database REB investigators are developing improved models of local and global fallout dispersion useful for predicting deposition in the event of future nuclear weapons explosions.Fallout in Kazakhstan: Study of thyroid nodules and disorders related to exposure to radioactive fallout in Kazakhstan. The REB is conducting an investigation to estimate internal and external radiation dose among persons exposed as children to radioactive fallout from above ground nuclear tests conducted at the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS) in Kazakhstan between 1949 and 1962. The dosimetry effort is a critical component of a study evaluating the association between radiation exposure and the risk of thyroid disease using U.S./Russian joint dosimetry methodology, the two-dimensional Monte Carlo (2DMC) strategy for dose estimation with uncertainty, and focus group interview strategy for collection of data on individual consumption rates and other behaviors. Trinity: An analysis of radiation doses and health risks to residents of New Mexico from the TRINITY nuclear test. As mandated by Congress, the assessment of doses and risks from the first nuclear test conducted in New Mexico in July 1945 has been partially conducted. Preliminary dose calculations (whole body and thyroid) have been made for residents of New Mexico from TRINITY the first nuclear test in New Mexico in July 1945. Collection of dietary and lifetstyle data is planned via interviews and focus group followed by construction of dietary models, estimation of doses and estimation of health risks.Web-based fallout dose and risk calculator. As recommended by the National Academies of Science, the estimation of the thyroid radiation doses received by the American people as a result of I-131 in fallout from nuclear weapons tests conducted worldwide is underway including the preparation of a web-based calculator for estimating the corresponding individual thyroid radiation doses and the related thyroid cancer risk.