Interactions between goals, attention, and memory in younger and older adults

项目总结/摘要 任务目标的表征是情景记忆提取的一个重要组成部分，但对任务目标的表征知之甚少。 记忆目标的神经编码及其在情境中被注意准备的潜在调节 在年轻人或老年人的试验水平上的记忆力。这一主题尤其需要解决 在老龄化的背景下，因为老年人的特点是控制和注意力的变化， 潜在的影响神经编码的目标和注意力准备在检索。这些组件 在认知神经科学的研究中，尽管它们是与年龄相关的日常生活的关键预测因素， 功能和神经功能下降。受认知老化理论和现有数据的影响， 额顶叶脑中的控制策略、动态注意波动和任务状态去分化 网络在试验水平作为年龄的函数，拟议的研究计划将利用多变量 解码分析和并发任务型脑电-功能磁共振成像 （EEG-fMRI）在两个实验中使用敏感的源记忆任务，以解决基本的， 未解决的问题，有关年龄相关的变化，目标表征，注意力准备， 大脑计算和脑电振荡是记忆提取过程的基础。每个 实验将整合年龄内和年龄间的分析，使老年人的数据不完全依赖于 年轻人的数据。目标1将描述一般领域目标和特定领域目标是如何分层的 表征是在额顶叶网络中计算的，与内侧颞叶（MTL）机制有关 记忆和行为（例如，检索成功的命中与正确的拒绝），通过实现 一个实验操纵记忆目标处理，和多变量解码分析，在年轻的 和老年人。该实验将优化Aim 2的设计和功效，尽管方法和 每个目标的调查结果可以单独发挥作用。通过对注意准备的指标化， 试验α和围试验θ功率，目标2将指定如何调节实验操作， 目标处理前的注意准备与单变量血氧水平相关 （BOLD）信号在额顶叶网络，多变量解码的目标和检索成功的代表， 以及年轻人和老年人的行为。这些目标有可能揭示新的见解如何年龄- 目标和注意准备的神经编码的相关变化影响检索。实验将 利用先进的经验工具，推进对科学有影响的新知识， 奖学金和公共卫生。目标处理、注意力和记忆的研究范围， 它们的相互作用将（a）促进与理论和尚未深入研究的专题有关的科学知识， 衰老和记忆的认知神经科学，以及（B）在表征年龄方面更好的公共卫生- 影响日常生活中认知和行为的神经认知过程的相关变化。

Project Summary/Abstract Representation of task goals is a critical component of episodic memory retrieval, and yet little is known about the neural coding of mnemonic goals and their potential modulation by attentional preparedness in the context of remembering at the trial level in young adults or in older adults. This topic is particularly important to address in the context of aging because older adulthood is characterized by changes in control and attention that have the potential to affect neural coding of goals and attentional preparedness during retrieval. These components are underexplored in cognitive neuroscience research even though they are key predictors of age-related daily functioning and neurological decline. Motivated by theories of cognitive aging and extant data on shifts in control strategies, fluctuations in dynamic attention, and dedifferentiation of task states in frontoparietal brain networks at the trial level as a function of age, the proposed research program will leverage multivariate decoding analyses and concurrent task-based electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) in two experiments using sensitive source memory tasks to address fundamental and as yet unresolved questions regarding age-related changes in goal representations, attentional preparedness, and brain computations and EEG oscillations that underlie these processes during memory retrieval. Each experiment will integrate within- and between-age analytics so that older adult data are not entirely dependent on young adult data. Aim 1 will delineate how hierarchical domain-general and domain-specific goal representations are computed in frontoparietal networks and relate to medial temporal lobe (MTL) mechanisms of remembering and behaviors (e.g., retrieval success in terms of hits vs. correct rejections) by implementing an experimental manipulation of mnemonic goal processing, and multivariate decoding analyses, in younger and older adults. This experiment will optimize the design and power of Aim 2, though the methods and findings of each aim can function separately. By indexing attentional preparedness via variations in EEG pre- trial alpha and peri-trial theta power, Aim 2 will specify how an experimental manipulation that modulates attentional preparedness before a goal is processed relates to univariate blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal in frontoparietal networks, multivariate decoding of goal and retrieval success representations, and behaviors in young and older adults. The aims have the potential to uncover new insights into how age- related changes in neural coding of goals and attentional preparedness affect retrieval. The experiments will leverage sophisticated empirical tools to advance new knowledge that has implications for scientific scholarship and public health. The scope of the investigation on goal processing, attention, and memory, and their interaction, will (a) advance scientific knowledge related to theories and critically underexplored topics in the cognitive neuroscience of aging and memory, and (b) better public health in terms of characterizing age- related changes in neurocognitive processes that affect cognition and behavior in everyday life.