Cellphone Laws, Texting While Driving, and Traffic Crashes Among the Youngest Drivers

项目摘要/摘要 青少年司机与手机有关的撞车事故比例最高，交通事故是他们的主要交通事故 死因是。从2014年到2016年，全国14-17岁司机的死亡率上升了17%， 增加与手机相关的分心驾驶作为建议贡献者。而40个州和华盛顿特区 颁布年轻司机电话法，禁止在2017年9月前使用手机或手持设备 差异很大(例如，所有手机禁令与手持电话禁令、所有许可证类型与学习者许可证/中级许可证 许可证)。年轻司机的手机禁令及其具体条款在多大程度上减少了短信和 坠机事件还不得而知。因此，我们提出了一个为期四年的项目，目标是确定 各州，年轻司机手机禁令和普遍手机禁令(即，所有年龄段都适用)对短信或 开车时发电子邮件，以及青少年受伤和致命车祸的比率(18岁)。我们假设 法律的效力受到某些条款的影响。这项续期申请的具体目的是 确定年轻司机电话禁令和普遍短信禁令的哪些条款减少了青少年发短信或 开车时发电子邮件(目标1)，并确定年轻司机电话禁令和普遍性的哪些规定 手机禁令减少青少年司机的撞车事故(&lt；18岁)(目标2)。手机禁令条款将是 审查包括：1)违禁活动范围(短信、手持电话使用、所有电话使用)；2)受影响 许可证类型(学习者许可证/中级许可证、所有许可证)；3)强制执行模式(主要 执法-警察只能截停车辆使用电话；或者二级执法-司机必须首先 再次违规的罚款)；4)初始罚款金额；5)增加多次传票的罚款；以及6) 犯规是否延误了正式执照的发放。目标将通过结合和分析调查来实现， 联邦、州和州维护的各种系统的立法、经济、人口和崩溃数据 私人机构。随机效应Logistic模型和准泊松模型将被用来估计 州一级关于个人电话使用率和州一级撞车率的法律。执行的级别将是 被视为从手机法律到驾车时使用手机行为变化的调解人， 以及与开车使用手机有关的受伤和死亡的变化。以强劲的前期工作为指导 数据和我们最后的R01，这项研究也是创新的，使用了包括发短信在内的多个影响衡量标准 驾驶，致命的撞车事故，以及司机受伤。这个项目意义重大，因为它的发现可以让各州 努力制定/完善法律，以减少涉及青少年司机的与手机有关的撞车事故、伤亡和死亡。

PROJECT SUMMARY / ABSTRACT Teenage drivers have the highest proportion of cellphone-related crashes, and traffic crashes are their leading cause of death. The death rate among drivers age 14-17 years hiked 17% from 2014 to 2016 nationally, with increasing cellphone-related distracted-driving as a suggested contributor. While 40 states and DC had enacted young-driver phone laws to ban all cellphone use or handheld use by September 2017, provisions vary greatly (e.g., all cellphone ban vs. handheld phone ban, all license types vs. learner permits/intermediate licenses). The extent to which young-driver phone bans and their specific provisions reduce texting and crashes is unknown. Therefore, we propose a four-year project with objectives to determine, across multiple states, the impact of young-driver phone bans and universal phone bans (i.e., for all ages) on texting or emailing while driving, and the rates of injury and fatal crashes among teens (<18 years). We hypothesize that the effectiveness of laws is impacted by certain provisions. The specific aims of this renewal application are to determine which provisions of young-driver phone bans and universal texting bans reduce teen texting or emailing while driving (Aim 1), and to identify which provisions of young-driver phone bans and universal phone bans reduce crashes involving teen drivers (<18 years) (Aim 2). Cellphone ban provisions to be examined include: 1) scope of banned activities (texting, handheld phone use, all phone use); 2) affected license types (learner permit / intermediate license, all licenses); 3) mode of enforcement (primary enforcement—officers can stop a vehicle for phone use only; or secondary enforcement—driver must first be cited for another infraction); 4) initial monetary amount of fine; 5) increases in fines for multiple citations; and 6) whether an infraction delays full licensure. The aims will be accomplished by combining and analyzing survey, legislative, economic, population, and crash data from various systems maintained by federal, state, and private agencies. Random-effects logistic and quasi-Poisson models will be used to estimate the effects of state-level laws on individual-level phone use and state-level crash rates. Level of enforcement will be examined as a mediator in the path from cellphone laws to changes in cellphone-use-while-driving behaviors, as well as changes in injuries, and deaths related to cellphone use while driving. Guided by strong preliminary data and our last R01, this study is also innovative by using multiple measures of impact include texting while driving, fatal crashes, and driver injuries. This project is significant, because its findings can inform states' efforts to develop/improve laws to reduce phone-related crashes, injuries, and deaths involving teen drivers.