Project 2

几十年来积累的经验证据表明，两者之间存在明显的矛盾 男性和女性的健康和生存。在世界上所有国家，女性都比男性长寿，但是 女性倾向于报告自己的健康状况较差，她们在各个年龄段都有更高的残疾水平，表现得更好 体能测试比男性差。这种所谓的男性-女性健康-生存悖论具有深远的影响 对人类社会的经济、社会学和医学影响。在过去的五年里，我们一直在 使用异常丰富的丹麦注册和数据资源调查健康-生存悖论 调查数据(Oksuzyan等人，2008、2009、2010a、2011、2013；Jacobsen等人2008年)。一般来说，我们还没有 能够确认许多建议的潜在机制的任何重大影响，如男性 少报健康问题和药物使用(Oksuzyan等人，2009年)。我们还表演了交叉- 与其他高收入国家(日本和美国)的国家比较，发现了一致的性别差异 在生存和健康方面(Oksuzyan等人，2010年b)。最后，我们将我们的分析扩展到犹他州人口和 研究发现，尽管女性生育率很高，男性的生活方式也很健康(低烟酒消费)， 犹他州的女性具有非常显著的生存优势(Lindahl-Jacobsen等人，2013年)。 在这次更新中，我们打算扩展这项研究，以测试健康中的性别差异有多普遍 以及在经历与当代截然不同的生活条件和文化的人群中的生存 西方社会(中国和俄罗斯)。在这些研究中，我们将关注与灵长类动物相同的主题 研究，即社会地位及其对男女健康和生存差异的影响 将它们与丹麦现有的丰富数据进行比较。此外，我们打算利用综合事业 丹麦和犹他州现有的死亡数据，以测试男性和女性死因的差异 促成了这一悖论。通过将重点放在优秀的、已经存在的人力数据资源上 在我们之前的P01工作中创建的，也在项目1中使用，并通过进行明确的跨物种比较 在我们的研究种群和将在项目3中考察的灵长类种群之间，我们建议 为男性-女性健康-生存悖论潜在的机制提供了新的线索。

Empirical evidence accumulated over many decades revealed an apparent contradiction between the health and survival of men and women. Women enjoy a longer life than men in all countries of the world, but women tend to report poorer self-rated health, they have higher disability levels at all ages and perform more poorly on physical tests than men. This so-called male-female health-survival paradox has far-reaching economic, sociological, and medical implications for human societies. We have spent the past five years investigating the health-survival paradox using an exceptionally rich data resource of Danish register and survey data (Oksuzyan et al., 2008, 2009, 2010a, 2011, 2013; Jacobsen et al. 2008). Generally, we have not been able to confirm any major impact of many of the suggested underlying mechanisms such as male underreporting of health problems and medication use (Oksuzyan et al., 2009). We also performed cross- national comparisons with other high-income countries (Japan and US) and found consistent sex differentials in survival and health (Oksuzyan et al., 2010b). Finally, we extended our analyses to the Utah population and found that, despite high female fertility and a healthy male life style (low tobacco and alcohol consumption), females in Utah have very substantial survival advantages (Lindahl-Jacobsen et al., 2013). In this renewal we intend to expand this research to test how universal are the sex differences in health and survival in populations that experience living conditions and cultures very different from contemporary Western societies (China and Russia). In these studies we will focus on the same theme as in the primate study, namely social status and how it contributes to male-female differences in health and survival and compare them to the rich data available in Denmark. Furthermore, we intend to use the comprehensive cause of death data available in Denmark and Utah to test how male-female differences in causes of death may contribute to the paradox. By focusing on the outstanding, already existing human data resources that were created in our previous P01 work and also used in project 1, and by making explicit cross-species comparisons between our study population and the primate population that will be examined in Project 3, we propose to shed new light on potential mechanisms underlying the male-female health-survival paradox.