Precursors of Anxiety: The Role of Lateralized Brain Activation and Maternal Sensitivity

焦虑症是人类一生中最常见的精神病理学类型。恐惧/回避， 焦虑症状的气质前兆，可以在生命的第一年可靠地观察到。因此，发展- 恐惧是研究领域标准（RDoC）负效价星座的关键组成部分， 它本身很重要，是焦虑症状的早期标志。恐惧的性格一直是 与一个独特的神经生理学特征相关--相对的右额叶激活，可以通过脑电图检测到， 脑电图（EEG）记录。左右半球之间的动态相互作用有助于 这种不对称性以及相关的恐惧/回避行为状态，并形成风险与保护 关于焦虑。母亲的敏感性不仅影响恐惧的发展，而且还调节了与恐惧的联系- 恐惧反应和焦虑症状之间的关系目前的研究解决了一个重要的差距，研究，考试- 在左和右额叶激活的变化之间的相互作用作为传播安西的载体， 相关风险，沿着恐惧反应，考虑母亲敏感性作为调节剂。它是hypothe- 确定了（1）右半球变化的优势对婴儿期左半球激活增长的影响 以及婴儿恐惧的加速变化和相关电生理变化的耦合， 逻辑签名将赋予焦虑的风险;（2）早期母体敏感性将有助于减弱 心理生理风险和焦虑之间的联系，后来加重了它。具体目标如下： 建议：目标1。婴儿恐惧：模拟母亲敏感性调节的行为和EEG变化。 我们将在以下三个研究中心招募携带婴儿的母亲（n=300）：华盛顿州普尔曼、弗吉尼亚州布莱克斯堡和佛罗里达州朱庇特， 要求提供从其他人口统计学相似的样本中招募的总体样本的种族/族裔多样性 社区，并因为与纵向设计相关的数据收集/处理需求。我们 将对6至18个月的婴儿恐惧进行多方法双月评估， 缺失设计将记录婴儿EEG，以测量额叶激活沿着观察的ma- 内部敏感性动态潜在变化的影响将被建模为行为和脑电图指标，提供一个 婴儿期的发展情况，并为目标2奠定基础。解释焦虑发作：贡献 恐惧、电生理和敏感性的潜在变化。恐惧和相关电- 考虑到母亲敏感性的适度，将量化生理学对焦虑出现的影响。Chil- 将对婴儿进行随访，直至24个月大，获取问卷和结构化访谈家长报告， 以及行为抑制/焦虑行为的观察。恐惧和额叶EEG的潜在变化评分 左边和右边的权力将被建模为焦虑的预测因子，母亲的敏感性作为调节因子 这些链接。完成拟议的评价预计将澄清恐惧发展的作用， 母亲在焦虑症状发作时的敏感性，告知预防措施（例如，家长培训）。

Anxiety disorders represent the most prevalent type of psychopathology across the lifespan. Fear/avoidance, temperament precursors of anxiety symptoms, can be observed reliably in the first year of life. Thus, develop- ment of fear, a critical component of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) negative valence constellation, is important in its own right, and represents an early marker of anxiety symptoms. Fearful temperament has been linked with a distinct neurophysiological signature – relative right frontal activation, detectable via electroen- cephalogram (EEG) recording. Dynamic reciprocal effects between the left and right hemispheres contribute to this asymmetry as well as associated behavioral states of fear/avoidance, and shape risk versus protection with respect to anxiety. Maternal sensitivity not only effects fear development, but also moderates links be- tween fear reactivity and anxiety symptoms. The present study addresses an important gap in research, exam- ining reciprocal effects between changes in left and right frontal activation as a vehicle for transmission of anxi- ety-related risk, along with fearful reactivity, considering maternal sensitivity as a moderator. It is hypothe- sized that (1) dominance of right hemisphere change effects on left activation growth across infancy and coupling of accelerated changes in infant fearfulness and shifts in the associated electrophysio- logical signature will confer the risk for anxiety; (2) early maternal sensitivity will serve to attenuate links between psychophysiological risk and anxiety, accentuating it later. The following specific aims are proposed: Aim 1. Infant fearfulness: Modeling behavioral and EEG changes moderated by maternal sensitivity. We will enroll mothers with infants (n=300) at three sites: Pullman, WA, Blacksburg, VA, and Jupiter, FL, re- quired to provide racial/ethnic diversity in the overall sample recruited from otherwise demographically similar communities, and because of data collection/processing demands associated with the longitudinal design. We will conduct multi-method bimonthly assessments of infant fear from 6 to 18 months, relying on a planned missingness design. Infant EEG will be recorded to measure frontal activation along with observations of ma- ternal sensitivity. Dynamic latent change effects will be modeled for behavioral and EEG indicators, providing a picture of development across infancy and setting the stage for Aim 2. Explaining anxiety onset: Contributions of latent change in fear, electrophysiology, and sensitivity. Contributions of changes in fear and related electro- physiology to the emergence of anxiety will be quantified, considering moderation of maternal sensitivity. Chil- dren will be followed until 24 months of age, obtaining questionnaire and structured interview parent-report, as well as observations of behavioral inhibition/anxious behaviors. Latent change scores for fear and frontal EEG power on the left and the right will be modeled as predictors of anxiety, with maternal sensitivity as a moderator of these links. Completion of the proposed evaluation is expected to clarify the role of fear development and maternal sensitivity in the onset of anxiety symptoms, informing preventative efforts (e.g., parent training).