Hippocampal and prefrontal contributions to memory integration

项目摘要/摘要 海马区(HPC)和前额叶皮质(PFC)的结构和连通性通过 童年和青春期，与记忆力和记忆力大幅增长相关的发展阶段 认知能力。虽然这种结构性变化有很好的记录，但我们对这些功能知之甚少 HPC和PFC的发展，从根本上限制了我们对认知机制的理解 发展。这一提议的首要目标是检验这样一种假设，即 HPC-PFC存储电路的发展从存储个人信息的系统转变为 从童年的记忆到成年的成熟系统，其中认知地图代表了关系 在多个剧集中。认知地图允许记忆通过编码超越直接经验 多个事件之间未观察到的关系。在缺乏成熟的HPC-PFC系统的情况下， 通过认知地图形成的知识扩展可能仅限于儿童和青少年，并且 因此导致学习、决策和推理行为的发展差异，这些行为需要 考虑多个事件之间的关系。此外，高性能混凝土和高性能混凝土的微分时间历程 PFC的发展，其中成熟的HPC功能可能比PFC更早出现，这表明可能存在 青春期不同于童年和儿童的记忆表征和行为的不同模式 成人期。为了回答这些悬而未决的问题，拟议的研究结合使用了高分辨率 儿童(7-9岁)的功能磁共振成像(FMRI)和复杂的多变量模式分析 青少年(10-12岁)、年龄较大的青少年(13-15岁)和成年人(25-30岁)。vbl.使用 这些方法，我们将量化：(1)HPC-PFC记忆整合和分离的年龄差异 支持认知地图形成的策略以及(2)神经表征的发展差异 影响时间(目标1)、空间(目标2)和事件记忆(目标3)。总而言之，这个项目的结果 将提供对认知发展基本理论的关键考验，并大幅推进我们的 不同年龄段HPC-PFC记忆系统表征能力的知识。在此过程中， 这些发现有可能为旨在增强记忆和推理能力的干预措施提供信息 依赖认知图，包括被诊断为精神健康或神经发育障碍的人 与记忆缺陷(如自闭症、抑郁症、脆性X染色体或精神分裂症)相关。 。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Hippocampus (HPC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) structure and connectivity continue to develop through childhood and adolescence, developmental periods that are associated with substantial gains in memory and cognitive ability. While such structural changes are well documented, we know little about the functions that HPC and PFC development confer, fundamentally limiting our understanding of the mechanisms of cognitive development. The overarching goal of this proposal is to test the hypothesis that the representational capacity of the HPC—PFC memory circuit transforms across development from a system that stores individual memories in childhood to a mature system in adulthood wherein cognitive maps represent the relationships among multiple episodes. Cognitive maps allow memory to extend beyond direct experience by coding unobserved relationships among multiple events. In the absence of a mature HPC—PFC system, such knowledge extension through cognitive map formation may be limited in children and adolescents, and therefore result in development differences in learning, decision making, and reasoning behaviors that require consideration of the relationships among multiple events. Moreover, the differential time course of HPC and PFC development, in which mature HPC function may emerge earlier than that of PFC, suggests there may be distinct patterns of memory representation and behavior in adolescence that differ from both childhood and adulthood. To answer these open questions, the proposed studies use a combination of high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and sophisticated multivariate pattern analyses in children (7-9 years), younger adolescents (10-12 years), older adolescents (13-15 years), and adults (25-30 years). Using these methods, we will quantify: (1) age-related differences in HPC—PFC memory integration and separation strategies that support cognitive map formation and (2) how developmental differences in neural representation impact temporal (Aim 1), spatial (Aim 2), and event memory (Aim 3). Collectively, the results from this project will provide a key test of fundamental theories of cognitive development and substantially advance our knowledge of the representational capacities of the HPC—PFC memory system at different ages. In doing so, the findings have the potential to inform interventions designed to enhance memory and reasoning abilities that rely on cognitive maps, including in individuals diagnosed with mental health or neurodevelopmental disorders associated with memory deficits (e.g., autism, depression, Fragile X, or schizophrenia). .