Unequal Parenthoods: Population Perspectives on Gender, Race, and Sexual Minority Disparities in Family Stress and Health During Crises

项目摘要 2019冠状病毒病大流行和种族创伤并存的时期颠覆了家庭环境， 对父母（特别是母亲）、少数种族和少数民族以及性少数群体造成了损害。 了解父母在这段时间内的作用，对于确定种族、性别、 和性别认同边缘化，导致父母福祉不平等，对儿童健康产生重大影响。 利用新的基于人口的调查和过去一年从全国夫妇调查中收集的时间日记数据， 健康和时间研究（NCHAT），我们将确定性别，种族和少数民族的机制， 在COVID期间和这段紧张时期， 种族创伤NCHAT（N = 3，642）是一项人群代表性研究，研究对象为20至60岁的老年人， 在美国的同性和异性夫妇中，黑人、拉丁裔和亚裔家庭的样本过多， 性少数这项研究也包括41%的伴侣。本研究的分析样本侧重于 35%的样本有18岁以下的孩子（n = 1，274名主要受访者; n = 567名合作伙伴）。这个项目 四个具体目标：目标1。确定性别、种族和少数民族以及性少数群体的差异， 养育压力和幸福感以及亲子关系质量和测试边缘化，社会经济 地位和不良童年经历作为中介;目标2。评估COVID和种族创伤压力， 心理困扰和夫妻关系作为父母压力和幸福感的调节因素， 亲子关系质量差异;目标3.识别二元压力过程之间的关联 COVID和种族创伤压力，心理困扰，关系功能和养育;目标4。 研究社区中断和背景作为父母压力和福祉以及亲子关系的调节因素 关系质量差异。此外，NCHAT数据、为本项目生成的上下文数据 结构性种族主义，性别歧视和异性恋，以及NCHAT调查项目的协调将与 社会，行为和经济研究COVID-19联盟协调中心（SBECCC）和 更广泛的卫生研究界，利用社会研究所的特殊资源， 数据创新（ISRDI），IPUMS数据项目的所在地。40%的NCHAT主要受访者认为 种族和少数民族，45%的人认为自己是性少数。像这样的数据对成功至关重要 和SBECCC的包容性。这项研究符合U 01资助“研究以了解 冠状病毒缓解策略的健康影响以及可能传递风险和恢复力的机制， 特别是在服务不足和弱势群体中，[这]将有助于改善对 “更好地为下一次突发公共卫生事件做好准备。重要的是，理解家庭 在这一历史时刻的经验和战略可以为采取干预措施解决卫生问题提供信息， 为家庭的未来建立复原力。

Project Summary The COVID-19 pandemic and the co-occurring period of racial trauma has upended family environments and exacted a toll on parents (mothers in particular), racial and ethnic minorities, and sexual minorities. Understanding how parents functioned during this time is crucial to identifying mechanisms linking race, gender, and sexual identity marginalization to disparities in parental well-being with critical implications for child health. Leveraging novel population-based survey and time diary data collected this past year from the National Couples’ Health and Time Study (NCHAT), we will identify mechanisms underlying gender, racial and ethnic minority, and sexual minority disparities in parenting stress and parental well-being during COVID and this period of intense racial trauma. NCHAT (N = 3,642) is a population-representative study of individuals between 20 and 60 living in same and different-gender couples in the U.S. with oversamples of Black, Latinx, and Asian families and sexual minorities. The study includes 41% of partners as well. The analytic sample for this study focuses on the 35% of the sample that had children under 18 (n = 1,274 main respondents; n = 567 partners). This project has four specific aims: Aim 1. Determine gender, racial and ethnic minority, and sexual minority disparities in parenting stress and well-being and parent-child relationship quality and test marginalization, socioeconomic status, and adverse childhood experiences as mediators; Aim 2. Evaluate COVID and racial trauma stress, psychological distress, and couple relationship functioning as moderators of parenting stress and well-being and parent-child relationship quality disparities; Aim 3. Identify dyadic stress processes in the associations between COVID and racial trauma stress, psychological distress, and relationship functioning and parenting; Aim 4. Examine community disruptions and context as moderators of parenting stress and well-being and parent-child relationship quality disparities. Further, the NCHAT data, the contextual data produced for this project on structural racism, sexism, and heterosexism, and NCHAT survey items for harmonization will be shared with the Social, Behavioral, and Economic Research on COVID-19 Consortium Coordination Center (SBECCC) and the wider health research community, leveraging the exceptional resources of the Institute for Social Research and Data Innovation (ISRDI), home to the IPUMS data projects. Forty percent of NCHAT main respondents identify racial and ethnic minorities, and 45% identify as sexual minorities. Data such as these are crucial to the success and inclusiveness of the SBECCC. This study aligns with the U01’s intention to fund “research to understand the health impacts of coronavirus mitigation strategies and the mechanisms that may convey risk and resilience, particularly in underserved and vulnerable populations, [that] will help improve long-term responses to the pandemic and prepare more effectively for the next public health emergency.” Importantly, understanding family experiences and strategies at this historical moment can inform interventions to address health detriments and build resiliency for the future of families.