Cognitive and Affective Mechanisms Underlying an Olfactory Approach to Modify Cigarette Craving: A Neurobehavioral Investigation

对香烟的渴望是吸烟的一个关键特征，也是主要的可预防死亡原因。吸烟者 由于经常认识到这种危险，在诱惑的时刻，吸烟的吸引力上升，习惯持续存在。 不幸的是，研究一直在努力开发缓解渴望的治疗方法。一种方法显示出希望 是策略性地使用嗅觉线索（OC）来减少渴望。PI实验室的两项研究表明， 令人愉快的业主立案法团减少香烟的渴望。其他人已经复制了这种对食物渴望的影响。但鲜为人知的 关于这种减少冲动的效果的性质，其潜在的机制，以及个体差异， 缓和其利益。FOA PAR 18-323：关于思维的基础科学研究 和身体方法通过测试这种使用天然产品（OC）来控制渴望，并通过测试 “神经认知和行为机制的基础”OC诱导的渴望救济（FOA目标）。 整合了来自三个学科的理论和研究，这些学科很少应用于吸烟（嗅觉，情感， 认知），该项目将测试愉快的OC对渴望的影响。同样与FOA相关的是，该项目 将使用创新的非语言情感措施和先进的多体素模式分析（MVPA）（沿着 与传统的功能磁共振成像分析），以评估精确的，理论驱动的，潜在的机制（工作记忆， 注意力投入，延迟折扣，反应抑制），以了解OC如何减弱渴望。项目 我将测试为什么某些吸烟者可能难以控制他们的渴望，为什么业主立案法团可能特别有用 对于一部分吸烟者来说。每日戒烟和非每日吸烟者（n=250）将参加多阶段实验。 他们将从几个方面对一组OC进行评分，包括愉快程度、情绪和相关记忆。他们 接下来在功能性磁共振成像过程中执行一系列认知任务。他们将接受体内吸烟提示， 再加上戒烟，强烈的欲望。接下来，他们将嗅探一个OC（一个他们早些时候被评为 愉快的或中性的），同时评估冲动和情绪。MVPA将用于生成“神经 研究人员对每个吸烟者的认知和情感过程进行了“指纹”，以探索其潜在的机制。 自己的业主立案法团引起的冲动减少，并告知匹配的主题业主立案法团。受试者还将参加 行为会话使用一套新的渴望相关的反应，包括冲动压力测力计， 面部动作编码系统，以确定那些最敏感的迫切救济，并产生行为 功能磁共振成像活动模式的替代物。第二个目的是测试法团对冲动和吸烟的影响， 外地这项转化研究，利用功能磁共振成像和行为数据，关于OC的独特力量， 改变情感状态，将测试与神经行为成瘾模型相关的冲动缓解的关键机制。这 跨学科研究也应该促进未来的研究测试业主立案法团的影响，单独或与其他 干预（例如，尼古丁贴片，认知疗法）对戒烟的影响。无论结果如何，这 研究将提供有关渴望期间情绪和认知过程相互作用的重要数据。

Cigarette craving is a key feature of smoking, which is the leading preventable cause of death. While smokers often recognize this danger, during moments of temptation the appeal of smoking rises and the habit persists. Unfortunately, research has struggled to develop treatments for craving relief. One approach showing promise is the strategic use of olfactory cues (OCs) to reduce craving. Two studies from the PI’s lab indicate that pleasant OCs reduce cigarette craving. Others have replicated this effect for food craving. Yet little is known about the nature of this urge-reducing effect, its underlying mechanisms, and individual differences that moderate its benefit. This application addresses FOA PAR 18-323: Fundamental Science Research on Mind and Body Approaches by testing this use of a natural product (OCs) to control craving and by testing the “neurocognitive and behavioral mechanisms underlying” OC-induced craving relief (an FOA objective). Integrating theory and research derived from three disciplines rarely applied to smoking (olfaction, emotion, cognition), the project will test the impact of pleasant OCs on craving. Also pertinent to the FOA, this project will use innovative nonverbal measures of emotion and advanced multi-voxel pattern analyses (MVPA) (along with traditional fMRI analyses) to evaluate precise, theory-driven, underlying mechanisms (working memory, attentional engagement, delay discounting, response inhibition) for how OCs attenuate craving. The project will test why certain smokers may have trouble managing their craving and why OCs may be especially useful for a subset of smokers. Abstinent daily and nondaily smokers (n=250) will attend a multi-session experiment. They will rate a set of OCs on several dimensions, including pleasantness, mood, and related memories. They next perform a series of cognitive tasks during an fMRI session. They will receive in vivo smoking cues, which together with smoking abstinence, elicits robust urges. Next they will sniff an OC (one they had rated earlier as either pleasant or neutral) while urge and mood are assessed. MVPA will be used to generate “neural fingerprints” for cognitive and affective processes in each smoker to probe the mechanisms underlying their own OC-induced urge reduction, and to inform matching of subjects to OCs. Subjects also will attend a behavioral session using a novel set of craving-related responses, including an urge pressure dynamometer and the Facial Action Coding System, to identify those most sensitive to urge relief, and to generate behavioral proxies for patterns of fMRI activity. As a secondary aim, we will test the effects of OCs on urge and smoking in the field. This translational study, drawing on fMRI and behavioral data regarding the unique power of OCs to alter affective states, will test key mechanisms of urge relief related to neurobehavioral addiction models. This interdisciplinary research also should stimulate future research testing the impact of OCs, alone or with other interventions (e.g., nicotine patches, cognitive therapies) on smoking cessation. Regardless of outcome, this research will provide important data on the interaction of emotional and cognitive processes during craving.