The General Factor of Psychopathology in Psychosis and Severe Mental Illness

越来越多的关于精神病理学结构的证据表明，存在一个普遍的因素 精神病理学(GF)，也被称为P-因素，解释了大量常见的 多种精神病理症状和障碍的表达差异。一位广播员的出现 对理解精神病理学的重大影响，因为它表明一个全面的 对精神疾病的理解需要从更狭隘的维度解开非特定风险因素-- 特定的风险因素或特征。Caspi等人(2014)提出精神分裂症症状与GF高度相关，以至于它们主要是GF的一种表达。然而，方法上的限制，如使用社区和青年样本，限制了现有文献的结论。我们建议使用1000名寻求治疗的成人精神病学和内科受试者的样本来检验这一假设，即精神分裂症谱系(SS)的症状主要由GF和单独的高阶精神病因素造成，其中包括相当大的一组 SS障碍患者以及有明显外化和内化症状的患者。这个 这种分层维度方法的潜在用途是，它允许量化以下内容的程度 每个人都有很高的GF得分(反映在症状的总广度上)，或者是 更狭隘地局限于特定的二阶因素(如外化、内化和精神病 因素)或甚至更窄的一级症状维度。使用这种量化方法，我们将测试 神经心理、结构和功能磁共振测量的程度 在精神分裂症患者中观察到的与GF而不是精神病因素的相关性更强。这将是 允许我们测试一些神经相关的假设，例如前扣带区的体积， 是GF的非特异性相关者，而其他，如颞叶皮质感觉加工异常， 是特定于精神病的，即使在控制了GF之后也保持不变。为了检验这一预测 GF的意义，我们还将测试GF上的分数是否可以预测50岁的病程 首发精神病的SS患者。总而言之，这项研究将提供最多 到目前为止，对GF模型的相关性进行了全面的检验，以了解表情和神经关联 严重的精神变态，

An increasing body of evidence on the structure of psychopathology indicates the presence of a general factor of psychopathology (GF), also referred to as a P-factor, that explains a significant amount of the common variance in the expression of multiple psychopathological symptoms and disorders. The presence of a GF has substantial implications for understanding psychopathology because it suggests that a comprehensive understanding of mental illness requires an untangling of nonspecific risk factors from more narrow, dimension- specific risk factors or features. Caspi et al., (2014) suggest that schizophrenia symptoms are so highly correlated with the GF, that they are mostly an expression of the GF. However, methodological limitations, such as the use of community and youth samples, limit conclusions from the existing literature. We propose to test the hypothesis that schizophrenia spectrum (SS) symptoms load heavily on both a GF AND a separate higher-order psychosis factor using a sample of 1000 adult psychiatric and medical treatment seeking subjects that includes a substantial group of patients with SS disorders as well as patients with significant externalizing and internalizing symptoms. The potential utility of this hierarchical dimensional approach is that it allows quantification of the extent to which each individual possesses a high GF score (reflected in the overall breadth of symptoms), or symptoms that are more narrowly constrained to a specific 2nd order factor (such as externalizing, internalizing, and psychosis factors) or even more narrow, first-order symptom dimensions. Using this quantitative approach, we will test the extent to which neuropsychological and structural and functional MRI measures that have previously been observed in patients with schizophrenia are more strongly related to the GF versus a psychosis factor. This will allow us to test the hypothesis that some neural correlates, such as the volume of the anterior cingulate area, are nonspecific correlates of the GF, while others, such as temporal cortical sensory processing abnormalities, are specific to the psychosis, and remain even after controlling for the GF. In order to test the prognostic significance of the GF, we will additionally test whether scores on the GF are predictive of course of illness in 50 SS patients experiencing first-episode psychosis. Taken together, the study will provide the most comprehensive test to date of the relevance of GF model to understanding the expression and neural correlates of severe psychopathology,