Societal assumptions regarding typical personhood and their effects on reasoning development

项目摘要 这个项目将揭示儿童获得信念的发展过程，即白色男性 代表默认的人-一种植根于男性中心主义意识形态的模式（以男性的经历为中心） 男性）和种族中心主义（以白色人的经历为中心）盛行于美国。尽管 尽管种族和性别多样性在全国范围内有所上升，但白色男性在许多国家的代表性仍然过高。 美国境内的域名，从媒体到政治再到临床研究这种过度的代表性造成了严重的 对社会其他人--所有种族的妇女、有色人种的男子和性别不平等的个人--的代价， 特别是在健康领域，临床试验历来优先考虑经验， 白色男性的观点和健康结果。为了解决这个问题，我们必须了解何时以及如何解决这个问题。 将白色男性视为默认人的倾向是在童年时期以及环境中发展起来的。 这一现象背后的因素。具体而言，我们需要知道（a）发展轨迹， 儿童对人的默认表征开始倾向于白人和男性，而不是其他身份，（B） 孩子们（和不）激活白色男性默认来引导社会的特定领域 推理，以及（c）社会文化和生态因素，可以阻止这些信念的发展。 幼儿积极建构知识，以理解他们的社会环境。作为其中的一部分 在这个过程中，儿童从周围的来源，包括父母， 同行和更广泛的社会机构（例如，媒体）。因此，孩子们获得的信念往往反映了 主流意识形态嵌入其特定的文化背景：在美国，男性中心主义和 种族中心主义代表了两种这样的意识形态。这项拟议中的研究将揭示儿童的 对“人”这一大类的表述既反映了男性中心主义，也反映了种族中心主义。为此，Aim 1 将揭示儿童信念的发展轨迹，即白色男性比黑人男性更容易， 白色女性，或黑人女性-最好的一个人。目标2将阐明儿童信念的范围 通过测试这个信念在不同领域的一致性，来判断谁最能证明一个人。第三，目标 将揭示儿童的社会文化和生态环境的特征，这些特征构成了他们对谁的信念的基础。 最能说明一个人，提供了对目标中记录的模式的潜在机制的洞察力 1和2.通过远程管理这些研究的创新平台，无节制的研究，我们 这是一个独特的机会，可以接触到来自美国各地的家庭。这种多样性 该平台使我们能够全面了解有关现象及其背后的机制 它，扩大了我们发现的经验严谨性和现实世界的影响。

Project Summary This project will uncover the developmental processes by which children acquire the belief that White males represent the default person—a pattern rooted in the ideologies of androcentrism (centering the experiences of men) and ethnocentrism (centering the experiences of White people) prevalent in the United States. Despite national rises in racial and gender diversity, White men remain vastly overrepresented across a host of domains within the U.S., from media, to politics, to clinical research. Such overrepresentation poses severe costs to the rest of society—women of all races, men of color, and gender-nonconforming individuals— particularly within the domain of health, where clinical trials have historically prioritized the experiences, perspectives, and health outcomes of White men. To address this issue, we must understand when and how the tendency to view White males as default people develops across childhood, as well as the environmental factors that underlie this phenomenon. Specifically, we need to know (a) the developmental trajectory by which children’s default representations of people begin to favor Whiteness and maleness over other identities, (b) the specific domains across which children do (and do not) activate a White male default to guide social reasoning, and (c) the sociocultural and ecological factors that can prevent the development of these beliefs. Young children actively construct knowledge to make sense of their social environments. As part of this process, children absorb complex streams of information from the sources around them, including parents, peers, and broader societal institutions (e.g., media). Thus, the beliefs children acquire tend to reflect the dominant ideologies embedded in their specific cultural contexts: within the United States, androcentrism and ethnocentrism represent two such ideologies. The proposed research will uncover the ways in which children’s representations of the broad category people reflect both androcentrism and ethnocentrism. To this end, Aim 1 will reveal the developmental trajectory of children’s beliefs that White males—more so than Black males, White females, or Black females—best exemplify a person. Aim 2 will clarify the scope of children’s beliefs about who best exemplifies a person by testing the consistency of this belief across domains. Finally, Aim 3 will uncover the features of children’s sociocultural and ecological environments that underlie beliefs about who best exemplifies a person, providing insight into the mechanisms underlying the patterns documented in Aims 1 and 2. By administering these studies via an innovative platform for remote, unmoderated research, we have the unique opportunity to reach families from all across the United States. The diversity afforded by this platform allows us to capture a holistic picture of the phenomenon in question and the mechanisms underlying it, broadening both the empirical rigor and real-world impacts of our findings.