Emerging Water Contaminants: Investigating and Mitigating Exposures and Health Risks

总体总结/摘要 耶鲁大学超级基金研究和培训计划（YSRTP）是由监管和社区为基础的 对影响多个地点水资源和饮用水供应的新污染物的关切 在美国.由于1，4-二氧六环常见于 超级基金网站和饮用水供应，及其USEPA和IARC分类为可能的人类 致癌物质肝脏中的致癌机制尚不清楚，其与共同发生的 致癌水污染物（1，1，1-三氯乙烷、1，1，1-三氯乙烯和1，1-二氯乙烷） 从未在动物或人类身上进行过评估。鉴于肝癌的发病率已经翻了三倍多 自1980年以来，迫切需要评估新出现的水污染物，如1，4-DX，是否可能 有助于这种增长。重要的是，缺乏暴露于1，4-DX或1，4-DX生物效应的生物标志物 这阻碍了流行病学研究、风险评估和污染物标准的制定。此外，本发明还提供了一种方法， 1，4-DX的高极性和低生物降解性限制了将其从含水层系统中去除的能力， 饮用水实际上，现有的处理技术既昂贵又不易用于水 用品. YSRTP将促进与1，4-DX及其共同发生的问题为基础，以解决方案为导向的研究 通过创新方法评估环境发生和人类接触污染物， 了解不良健康影响的根本基础，提供具有成本效益的补救缓解解决方案 并最终为改善对这种新兴污染物的监管奠定基础。YSRTP将执行 高度互动的项目，以：（a）检查接触/影响1，4-DX（单独）的健康影响和生物标志物 以及作为与其共存污染物的混合物）在动物模型和人体中的作用，以及（B）开发系统， 监测和减少人类接触水中的1，4-DX。生物医学科学研究项目将阐明 在小鼠和斑马鱼模型中与1，4-DX肝毒性和致癌性相关的机制 （项目1），以及人群中1，4-DX的暴露评估和早期生物反应（项目2）。 环境科学和工程研究项目将创造高灵敏度和选择性 用于现场实时检测1，4-DX的电化学传感器（项目3），并开发创新先进的 用于缓解技术的氧化工艺（项目4）。成功完成这些创新研究将 通过更明确地定义1，4-DX的健康风险，阐明 暴露的生物标志物，并建立有效的新方法来监测和减轻这一重要的新兴 污染物我们的系统方法将研究项目与有效的 利益相关者的沟通和教育，以及未来科学家的培训，以确保该计划有一个长远的- 对美国和全球如何处理新出现的污染物产生影响。

OVERALL SUMMARY/ABSTRACT The Yale Superfund Research and Training Program (YSRTP) is driven by regulatory and community-based concerns about emerging contaminants that affect water resources and drinking water supplies at multiple sites in the US. The YSRTP has chosen to study 1,4-dioxane (1,4-DX) because of its common occurrence in Superfund sites and drinking water supplies, and its USEPA and IARC classification as a possible human carcinogen. The carcinogenic mechanism in the liver is unknown and its interaction with co-occurring and carcinogenic water contaminants (1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethylene, and 1,1-dichloroethane) has never been evaluated in either animals or humans. Given that liver cancer incidence rates have more than tripled since 1980, there is an urgent need to evaluate whether emerging water contaminants, such as 1,4-DX, may be contributing to this increase. Importantly, a lack of biomarkers of exposure to or the biological effects of 1,4 -DX have hampered epidemiologic studies, risk assessment and setting standards for the contaminant. In addition, the high polarity and low biodegradability of 1,4-DX restrict the ability to remove it from aquifer systems or drinking water. Indeed, available treatment technology is both expensive and not readily applied to water supplies. The YSRTP will foster problem-based, solution-oriented research related to 1,4-DX and its co-occurring contaminants through innovative approaches to evaluate environmental occurrence and human exposure, understand the underlying basis of adverse health effects, provide cost-effective remedial mitigation solutions and ultimately set the stage for improved regulation of this emerging contaminant. The YSRTP will carry out highly interactive projects to: (a) examine the health effects and biomarkers of exposure/effect to 1,4-DX (alone and as a mixture with its co-occurring contaminants) in animal models and humans, and (b) develop systems to monitor and mitigate human exposure to 1,4-DX in water. The biomedical science research projects will elucidate the mechanism(s) associated with 1,4-DX liver toxicity and carcinogenesis in mouse and zebrafish models (project 1), and exposure assessment and early biologic responses to 1,4-DX in human populations (project 2). The environmental science and engineering research projects will create highly-sensitive and selective electrochemical sensors for on-site, real-time detection of 1,4-DX (project 3) and develop innovative advanced oxidation processes for mitigation technology (project 4). Successful completion of these innovative studies will make a significant positive health impact by more clearly defining the health risks of 1,4-DX, elucidating biomarkers of exposure, and establishing effective new ways to monitor and mitigate this important emerging contaminant. Our systems approach integrates and links the research projects with the development of effective communication and education of stakeholders, and training of future scientists to ensure the program has a far- reaching impact on how emerging contaminants are addressed both in the US and globally.