Psychosocial Risk and Resilience Mechanisms Underlying Diversity in Midlife Health, Well-Being, and Cognition

项目摘要/摘要 现在的美国中年人中，有很大一部分人比之前出生的人更痛苦，表现更差 队列43，65。这些趋势对美国来说是截然不同的。一些研究已经证明，与亚洲人和 欧洲国家、美国中年人的残疾和慢性病发病率高于同龄人 同伴6，10，73。尽管美国和其他国家之间存在已知的差异，但很少有研究考察 中年发展的多样性和放大的个体水平特征的潜在机制 或者缓解分歧。我们的目标是使用HRS系列研究来确定代际， 推动中年发展多样性的金融和健康行为机制以及它们是否不同 跨越社会人口统计(即教育、性别和种族)的个人层面的特征 心理社会资源(即社会支持和控制信念)。我们的具体目标是：(1)描述相似性 以及多个国家的中年健康、幸福和认知发展的差异；(2) 调查推动中年多样性的代际、财务和健康行为机制 发展；以及(3)考察个体水平特征在中年多样性中的作用 发展。为了解决我们的研究问题，多水平模型将被应用于协调的纵向 数据(从20世纪90年代初到现在)来自北美、亚洲和欧洲的17个国家。 每个数据集都包含根据跨学科结果反复评估的国家样本。这个 目标1的可实现成果是全面考察美国与美国之间的异同 趋势和其他高收入国家所获得的趋势。对于目标2，我们从研究团队的 概念和实证研究55，61调查代际关系的变化， 金融脆弱性的增加和健康行为安全网的缩小正在推动中年人的多样性 国家内部和国家之间的发展。对于目标3，我们将针对多样性的关键问题，通过确定 国家内部和国家之间的人口群体，他们是最脆弱的，并确定可延展性保护 促进更好的积极中年发展的资源。该项目将为识别 中年发育多样性的代际、财务和健康行为机制 以及它们在不同政策背景的国家之间的运作是否相似。例如，在一些国家 在不太全面的医疗保健情况下，如美国，健康行为因素可能是推动因素 反对拥有国家医疗保健系统的国家。同样，我们将发现更大的 以增加联系和资金转移为形式的代际依赖是更有力的 在家庭和工作政策涵盖较少的国家建立机制。我们项目的发现也将 阐明可促进复原力成果的因素，并为未来的预防和干预工作提供信息。

Project Summary/Abstract Large segments of current US middle-aged adults are suffering and doing more poorly than earlier-born cohorts43,65. These trends are distinct to the US. Several studies have documented that compared to Asian and European nations, US middle-aged adults exhibit higher rates of disability and chronic illness than same-aged peers6,10,73. Despite known differences between the US and other nations, little research has examined the mechanisms underlying diversity in midlife development and individual-level characteristics that either magnify or mitigate differences. Our objective is to use the HRS family of studies to identify the intergenerational, financial, and health behavior mechanisms driving diversity in midlife development and whether they differ across individual-level characteristics that span socio-demographics (i.e., education, gender, and race) and psychosocial resources (i.e., social support and control beliefs). Our specific aims are: (1) describe similarities and differences in midlife development of health, well-being, and cognition across multiple nations; (2) investigate the intergenerational, financial, and health behavior mechanisms driving diversity in midlife development; and (3) to examine the role of individual-level characteristics that moderate diversity in midlife development. To address our research questions, multilevel models will be applied to harmonized longitudinal data (collected from early 1990s to present day) from 17 nations across North America, Asia, and Europe. Each dataset contains national samples that are repeatedly assessed on interdisciplinary outcomes. The achievable outcome of Aim 1 is to comprehensively examine similarities and differences between the US trends and those obtained for other high-income nations. For Aim 2, we draw from the research team's conceptual and empirical research55,61 to investigate whether changing intergenerational relationships, increased financial vulnerabilities and a shrinking health behavior safety net are driving diversity in midlife development within- and between-nations. For Aim 3, we will target key questions of diversity by identifying population segments within and across nations who are most vulnerable and identify malleable protective resources to promote better positive midlife development. This project will provide novel insights into identifying the intergenerational, financial, and health behavior mechanisms underlying diversity in midlife development and whether they are operating similarly across nations with different policy contexts. For example, in nations with less comprehensive health care, such as the US, health behavior factors could be a driving force as opposed to nations with a national health care system. Similarly, we will uncover whether greater intergenerational dependency in the form of increased contact and financial transfers are a more potent mechanism in nations with less encompassing family and work policies. Findings from our project will also shed light on factors that can promote resilient outcomes and inform future prevention and intervention efforts.