Development of depression during adolescence

描述（由申请人提供）：在青春期，抑郁症的发病率急剧上升（从3-17%）。从青春期早期开始，患抑郁症的女孩是男孩的两倍。许多人在青春期首先经历抑郁症，其中一半人可能在成年后复发抑郁症。因此，青春期是一个关键的时间来研究风险因素和机制，发展抑郁症，特别是与女孩，以便改善治疗/预防方案可能会创建这个公共卫生问题。 本研究的目的是基于三种不同的抑郁症认知脆弱性-压力模型来检验特定的脆弱性因素和过程。抑郁症的认知脆弱性--个体解释关于自我的负面信息和解释负面事件发生的方式是预测抑郁症未来发展的重要风险因素。认知脆弱性在青春期早期就开始活跃，在整个青春期，消极的生活事件会增加。因此，认知脆弱性与更多负面事件的相互作用可能是青春期抑郁症发病率上升的有力解释。这项前瞻性研究将检验这样一个假设，即青春期中期抑郁症的急剧增加可以用越来越多的负面事件与更高水平的认知脆弱性相互作用来解释。此外，认知脆弱性，负性事件，以及它们之间的相互作用将被检查作为早期青少年抑郁症的性别差异的出现的解释。最后，将检查认知脆弱性X压力相互作用的精确形式，以了解认知脆弱性和压力的组合最能预测抑郁症的未来变化。将对7年级和10年级的青少年（每个年级200人，共400人;一半是女孩）进行初步评估，然后每隔4个月评估一次，共3波数据。将对青少年进行人口统计学、3种形式的认知脆弱性、负性事件、抑郁症状和青春期状态评估。父母将提供有关其子女症状和负面事件的附带信息。将使用多水平生长曲线分析来检验假设。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Rates of depression rise dramatically during adolescence (from 3-17%). Twice as many girls as boys will experience depression starting in early adolescence. Many individuals experience depression first during adolescence, and half of them may have a recurrence of depression later in adulthood. Thus, adolescence is a crucial time to study risk factors and mechanisms for developing depression, especially with girls, so that improved treatment/prevention programs may be created for this public health concern. This study aims to examine particular vulnerability factors and processes based on 3 different cognitive vulnerability- stress models of depression. Cognitive vulnerability to depression--the way in which individuals interpret negative information about the self and explain why negative events happen is an important risk factor that predicts the prospective development of depression. Cognitive vulnerability is actively operating by early adolescence, and negative life events increase throughout adolescence. Thus, the interaction of cognitive vulnerability with more negative events may be a potent explanation for the rise in depression observed during adolescence. This prospective study will test the hypothesis that the dramatic increase in depression during middle adolescence can be explained by a rising number of negative events interacting with higher levels of cognitive vulnerability. Also, cognitive vulnerability, negative events, and their interaction will be examined as an explanation for the emergence of the gender difference in depression among early adolescents. Last, the precise form of the cognitive vulnerability X stress interaction will be examined to see what combination of cognitive vulnerability and stress best predicts prospective changes in depression. Adolescents from 7th and 10th grade (200 in each grade for a total of 400; half girls) will be assessed initially and then at 4-month intervals for a total of 3 waves of data. The adolescents will be assessed for demographics, 3 forms of cognitive vulnerability, negative events, depressive symptoms, and pubertal status. Parents will provide collateral information on their children's symptoms and negative events. Multilevel growth curve analyses will be used to test the hypotheses.