Affecting Perceived Risks and Ambivalence About Smoking

描述(申请者提供)：青少年戒烟计划应用了不同的态度-行为关系模型来解释吸烟行为。随着青少年和年轻人尝试并继续吸烟，他们认为吸烟的积极结果比消极结果更突出。当他们考虑戒烟时，消极的态度和消极的结果预期变得更加突出，并与现有的积极信念竞争。因此，一个主要的挑战是改变态度的基本结构，重点是增加负面吸烟信念的突出程度，以激励戒烟。然而，年轻吸烟者在没有令人信服的证据证明吸烟对他们产生负面影响的情况下，不太可能注意到戒烟信息并试图戒烟。因此，提供关于吸烟危害的个性化数据可能足以增加年轻吸烟者感知的吸烟风险和戒烟愿望。重要的是，通过个性化的风险反馈增加吸烟后果的个人相关性，应该会激励认为自己风险更高的年轻吸烟者关注和处理与吸烟有关的信息。通过增加负面吸烟信念的显着性，年轻吸烟者可能会对自己的吸烟感到更加矛盾。矛盾心理被定义为“一个人对态度对象的反应在多大程度上被评价性地混合在一起，包括积极的(有利的)和消极的(不利的)因素”(Priester&Petty，1996，p.460)。研究人员尚未探索：1)让年轻吸烟者对自己的吸烟感到矛盾会影响戒烟；2)吸烟风险的个人化会影响与吸烟相关的信息的程度，这些信息旨在诱导矛盾心理，甚至可能是矛盾心理本身。使用120名年轻的成年定期吸烟者(18-24岁的社区大学生)，我们测试了旨在增加与吸烟相关的感知风险和对吸烟的矛盾心理的操纵的有效性。受试者将被随机分为2(个体化风险反馈：否/是)×2(吸烟矛盾心理诱导：否/是)。处于个性化风险状态的参与者将获得有关自我报告的呼吸道症状和肺老化的反馈，这些反馈是通过肺活量测量获得的。处于吸烟矛盾状态的吸烟者将观看一段关于大学吸烟者表达对吸烟的矛盾感觉的视频。假设操作是成功的，预计在个性化风险反馈和吸烟矛盾心理诱导条件下的参与者将表现出更强烈的戒烟愿望，更有可能使用自助手册，并减少。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Youth smoking cessation programs have applied various models of attitude-behavior relations to explain smoking behaviors. As teens and young adults experiment with and continue to smoke, they view the positive outcomes of smoking as more salient than the negative outcomes. As they think about quitting, negative attitudes and negative outcome expectancies become more salient and compete with existing positive beliefs. Thus, a major challenge is changing the underlying structure of attitudes, with an emphasis on increasing the saliency of negative smoking beliefs to motivate cessation. However, young smokers are less likely to attend to cessation messages and attempt to quit without convincing evidence that smoking is affecting them negatively. Hence, presenting individualized data on the harms of smoking may be sufficiently threatening to increase young smokers' perceived smoking risks and desires to quit. Of import, increasing the personal relevance of smoking consequences via individualized risk feedback should motivate young smokers who perceive their risk as higher to attend to and process smoking-related messages. By increasing the saliency of negative smoking beliefs, young smokers may come to feel more ambivalent about their smoking. Ambivalence is defined as "the extent to which one's reactions to an attitude object are evaluatively mixed in that both positive (favorable) and negative (unfavorable) elements are included" (Priester & Petty, 1996, p. 460). Researchers have yet to explore how: 1) making young smokers feel ambivalent about their smoking affects cessation, and 2) the individualization of smoking risks affects the extent of process smoking-related messages intended to induce ambivalence, and possibly ambivalence itself. Using 120 young adult regular smokers (community college students ages 18-24), we test the efficacy of manipulations intended to increase perceived smoking-related risks and ambivalence towards smoking. Participants will be randomized to a 2 (individualized risk feedback: no/yes) X 2 (smoking ambivalence induction: no/yes) pre-post between subjects design. Participants in the individualized risk condition will get feedback about self-reported respiratory symptoms and lung aging, obtained via spirometry. Smokers in the smoking ambivalence condition will watch a video about college smokers expressing conflicted feeling towards smoking. Assuming the manipulations are successful, it is expected that participants in the individualized risk feedback and smoking ambivalence induction conditions will express a stronger desire to quit, be more likely to use a self-help manual, and reduce.