Emotion, regulation and quality of social functioning

描述（申请人提供）：本研究的主要目的是检验个体差异在不同类型的努力控制中的作用（欧共体：执行注意力的效率，包括抑制显性反应和/或激活亚显性反应、计划和检测错误的能力）和反应性（较少自愿）控制儿童的社会情绪功能，包括他们的社会能力，同情心，人格弹性;和调整及其可能的前兆。其他目标包括检查规范性发展和养育子女的相关方面（例如，情绪表达、控制策略、温暖、对儿童负面情绪的反应）对儿童的情绪性、调节和社会功能的影响。预测包括：（a）注意力和激活调节低，弹性低，无意识的过度控制（B）低反应性控制、低EC和高性格性愤怒/挫折将预测青少年的外化问题和幼儿的顺从/反抗问题;（c）情绪控制与心理弹性呈线性关系，而冲动性与幼儿心理弹性呈线性正相关，与幼儿心理弹性呈二次曲线关系;（d）消极情绪性有时会调节调节与结果的关系。在规范性发展方面，据预测，发展成果和EC之间的关系变得更强的年龄在生活中，而结果和冲动性或行为抑制（反应控制）之间的关系是最强的在年轻的年龄（当EC是最弱的）。 将在三项纵向研究、两项正在进行的青少年研究和一项新的幼儿研究（多项评估）中使用多方法（行为、面部和生理测量、问卷）和多报告者方法。在所有研究中，将测量7个结构：社会能力/适应、EC、反应性控制、弹性、情感性、养育和家庭水平变量（例如，社会经济地位，婚姻功能）。在对幼儿的研究中，还将测量发育水平、语言和对情绪的理解。在这3个样本中，将检查这些功能方面的规范性变化以及情绪、EC、反应控制和养育子女方面的个体差异联合且唯一地预测心理健康和社会能力（当控制后者结构的初始水平时）的方式。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The major purpose of the proposed research is to examine the contributions of individual differences in various types of effortful control (EC: efficiency of executive attention, including the ability to inhibit a dominant response and/or to activate a subdominant response, to plan, and to detect errors) and reactive (less voluntary) control to children's socioemotional functioning, including their social competence, empathy, personality resiliency; and adjustment and its possible precursors. Other goals include examining normative development and relating aspects of parenting (e.g., expression of emotion, control tactics, warmth, reactions to children's negative emotions) to children's emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Predictions include: (a) low attentional and activational regulation, low resiliency, involuntary overcontrol (or low impulsivity), and proneness to fear and sadness will predict internalizing behaviors and early shyness/behavioral inhibition; (b) low reactive control, low EC and high dispositional anger/frustration will predict adolescent externalizing problems and problems with compliance/defiance in young children; (c) EC is linearly related to resiliency whereas impulsivity bears a positive linear relation to resiliency in young children and a quadratic relation in older children; and (d) negative emotionality sometimes will moderate the relation of regulation to outcomes. In regard to normative development, it is predicted that relations between developmental outcomes and EC become stronger with age in life, whereas relations between outcomes and impulsivity or behavioral inhibition (reactive control) are strongest at young ages (when EC is weakest). A multi-method (behavioral, facial, and physiological measures, questionnaires) and multi-reporter approach will be used in three longitudinal studies, two ongoing studies of adolescents, and one new study of young children (with multiple assessments). In all studies, 7 constructs will be measured: social competence/adjustment, EC, reactive control, resiliency, emotionality, parenting, and family-level variables (e.g., socioeconomic status, marital functioning). In the study of young children, developmental level, language, and understanding of emotions also will be measured. Across the 3 samples, both normative change in these aspects of functioning and the ways that individual differences in emotion, EC, reactive control, and parenting, jointly and uniquely predict mental health and social competence (when controlling for initial levels of the latter constructs) will be examined.