Regulation of RNA Editing in the CNS

描述（由申请人提供）：通过RNA编辑将腺苷转化为肌苷（A-至-I）代表了越来越多地认识到的用于在真核基因表达中产生多样性的转录后机制。 这种RNA修饰已被证明可以改变电压门控和配体门控离子通道的离子渗透、电生理和动力学特性，并调节受体G-蛋白相互作用的功效。 我们实验室最近的研究表明，ADAR 2蛋白（一种参与编辑哺乳动物RNA转录本的双链RNA特异性腺苷脱氨酶）的表达受到负性自动调节策略的调节，该策略源于该酶编辑自身前mRNA的能力，从而指导选择性剪接模式。 基于这些发现，我们开发了两个独立的小鼠模型系统，以进一步了解ADAR 2调节在中枢神经系统功能中可能发挥的作用。 这些研究的长期目标是鉴定RNA编辑事件可以调节中枢神经系统功能的细胞过程，并鉴定由这种A-to-I修饰引起的功能后果。 1)错误表达ADAR 2转基因的突变小鼠表现出高吞噬介导的成熟型肥胖，伴有高血糖和皮质醇增多症。 为了进一步检查这些表型改变的基础，我们将检查所有经验证的鼠阿达尔底物的编辑模式的改变，表征已知摄食途径中的表达谱变化，并通过产生仅在神经元或外周靶点中过表达ADAR 2的小鼠来确定ADAR 2在整体能量平衡途径中的位置。 2)为了进一步研究ADAR 2失调的分子后果，我们还开发了突变小鼠，其中ADAR 2编辑其自身前mRNA的能力被选择性地消除。 将评估突变小鼠离散脑区中ADAR 2 mRNA和蛋白质水平的变化，以及先前鉴定的新型阿达尔底物的编辑模式的改变。 还将评估突变动物对红藻氨酸盐诱导的癫痫发作和兴奋性毒性损伤的易感性变化以及中枢摄食行为的变化。 3)最近鉴定的编辑事件在人RNA的3 '-非翻译区（3'-UTR）中的Alu重复元件内的功能后果将与RNA稳定性和核保留的改变相关地作为调节蛋白质表达的机制来评估。 预期这些研究将不仅用于定义mRNA的非编码区中A至I修饰的功能后果，而且还提供关于调节ADAR 2表达的细胞过程的生理相关性及其与参与癫痫发作易感性、能量平衡和CNS功能的其他方面的神经递质受体的功能的关系的新见解。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The conversion of adenosine to inosine (A-to-l) by RNA editing represents an increasingly recognized post-transcriptional mechanism for generating diversity in eukaryotic gene expression. Such RNA modifications have been shown to alter the ion permeation, electrophysiologic and kinetic properties of both voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels and to modulate the efficacy of receptorG-protein interactions. Recent studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that the expression of ADAR2 protein, a double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase involved in the editing of mammalian RNA transcripts, is modulated by a negative autoregulatory strategy that results from the ability of this enzyme to edit its own pre-mRNA, thereby directing alternative splicing patterns. Based upon these findings, we have developed two independent mouse model systems to further understand the role(s) that ADAR2 regulation may play in the function of the central nervous system. The long-term objectives of these studies are to identify the cellular processes by which RNA editing events can modulate central nervous system function and to identify the functional consequences resulting from such A-to-l modifications. 1) Mutant mice misexpressing an ADAR2 transgene demonstrate a hyperphagia-mediated, maturity-onset obesity accompanied by hyperglycemia and hypercortisolism. To further examine the bases of these phenotypic alterations, we will examine alterations in editing patterns for all validated murine ADAR substrates, characterize expression profile changes in known feeding pathways and determine where ADAR2 fits into the overall energy balance pathway by generating mice that overexpress ADAR2 solely in neurons or peripheral targets. 2) To further examine the molecular consequences of ADAR2 dysregulation, we have also developed mutant mice in which the ability of ADAR2 to edit its own pre-mRNA has been selectively ablated. Mutant mice will be assessed for changes in ADAR2 mRNA and protein levels in discrete brain regions and for alterations in editing patterns for previously identified and novel ADAR substrates. Mutant animals will also be assessed for changes in susceptibility to kainate-induced seizures and excitotoxic injury as well as changes in central feeding behavior. 3) The functional consequences of recently identifed editing events within Alu repetitive elements in 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) of human RNAs will be assessed in relation to alterations in RNA stability and nuclear retention as a mechanism to modulate protein expression. It is anticipated that these studies will not only serve to define the functional consequences of A-to-l modification in non-coding regions of mRNAs, but also provide new insights concerning the physiological relevance of cellular processes modulating ADAR2 expression and their relationship to the function of neurotransmitter receptors involved in seizure susceptibility, energy balance and other aspects of CNS function.