The effect of antismoking parenting practices on adolescent smoking

描述（由申请人提供）：青少年是吸烟开始和发展的关键时期。在经常吸烟的成年人中，大多数人在青春期开始吸烟，并在18岁时养成了经常吸烟的习惯。因此，迫切需要确定保护青少年不开始吸烟并逐渐养成习惯的因素。一种可能性是反吸烟育儿。父母的做法，如禁止在室内吸烟，已被证明可以减少青少年吸烟的可能性。尽管禁烟的父母似乎起到了保护作用，但目前还不清楚是否所有的做法都能起到同样的保护作用，以及为什么。考虑到替代奖励活动（例如，团队运动），反烟草业的态度，与吸烟有关的信念（例如，感知到的成年人不赞成吸烟），刻板印象（例如，吸烟者是时尚的）和判断（例如，“我不介意我的朋友吸烟”）和同伴吸烟与积极父母教养、反吸烟父母教养和青少年吸烟相关，是解释反吸烟父母教养与青少年吸烟关系的潜在机制（中介变量）。也就是说，反吸烟父母对青少年吸烟的影响可能部分来自其通过一个或所有这些可能的中介的间接影响。同样不清楚的是，反吸烟父母的做法是否同样有利于生活在吸烟和不吸烟家庭的青少年。这项拟议的研究将填补这些研究空白，通过检查一系列反吸烟父母的做法和青少年吸烟进展之间的直接，间接和适度的关系，在一个队列的750名青少年从9日（14岁）到10年级（15岁）。生物生态学方法为这项研究提供了理论框架，因为它强调了近端过程的影响（例如，反吸烟养育）在面对面的环境中（例如，发展成果（例如，吸烟）。这项拟议的研究将评估反吸烟父母对青少年吸烟的总体影响，通过潜在的中介机制的间接影响，以及是否有任何一种做法是最具保护性的。此外，潜在生长曲线建模（LGCM）将允许解释吸烟行为随时间的个体间和个体内变化。最后，这项拟议中的研究将评估禁烟父母的保护作用是否会因青少年是否与吸烟的家庭成员生活在一起而有所不同。这将是第一项在单一模型中测试这些关系的研究，也是第一项从生物生态学框架评估反吸烟父母对青少年吸烟的影响的研究。这些独特的数据对于制定有效的青少年吸烟预防和干预计划至关重要。这项烟草控制研究的最终目标是了解反吸烟父母行为如何影响青少年吸烟进展，评估反吸烟父母行为与吸烟进展之间的关系，确定影响机制，并评估谁从反吸烟父母行为中受益最多。这将是第一个测试这些关系的研究，也是第一个在生物生态学框架内评估反吸烟父母对青少年吸烟的影响的研究。这些独特的数据对于制定有效的青少年吸烟预防和干预计划至关重要。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Adolescence is a critical period for smoking initiation and progression. Of adults ever smoking regularly, the majority initiated smoking during adolescence and progressed to a regular habit by age 18. Thus, there is a pressing need to identify factors that protect adolescents from initiating smoking and progressing to a regular habit. One possibility is antismoking parenting. Parenting practices such as forbidding smoking indoors have been shown to reduce the likelihood of adolescent smoking. Although antismoking parenting appears protective, it is unclear whether all practices protect equally, and why. Given that alternative rewarding activities (e.g., team sport), anti-tobacco industry attitudes, smoking-related beliefs (e.g., perceived adult disapproval of smoking), stereotypes (e.g., smokers are stylish) and judgment (e.g., "I don't mind it if my friends smoke") of youth smokers, and peer smoking are related to positive parenting, antismoking parenting and adolescent smoking, they are potential mechanisms (mediators) to explain the relationship between antismoking parenting and adolescent smoking. That is, the effect of antismoking parenting on adolescent smoking may result in part from its indirect effects through one or all these possible mediators. It is also unclear whether antismoking parenting practices benefit equally those adolescents living in smoking and non-smoking households. The proposed study will fill these research gaps by examining direct, indirect, and moderated relationships between a range of antismoking parenting practices and adolescent smoking progression in a cohort of 750 adolescents followed from 9th (age 14) to 10th grade (age 15). A bioecological approach provides the theoretical framework for this research, as it emphasizes the effect of proximal processes (e.g., antismoking parenting) within the face-to-face setting (e.g., household) on developmental outcomes (e.g., smoking). The proposed study will evaluate the overall effect of antismoking parenting on adolescent smoking, the indirect effect through potential mediating mechanisms, and whether any one practice is most protective. Further, latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) will permit accounting for both inter and intra-individual variation in smoking behavior across time. Finally, the proposed study will evaluate whether the protective effect of antismoking parenting differs depending on whether adolescents live with family members who smoke. This will be the first study to test these relationships in a single model, and the first to assess the effects of antismoking parenting on adolescent smoking from a bioecological framework. Such unique data will be critical to developing efficacious youth smoking prevention and intervention programs. The ultimate goal of this tobacco control research is to understand how antismoking parenting practices affect adolescent smoking progression, evaluating the relationship between the amount of antismoking parenting practices and smoking progression, identifying the mechanisms of effect, and evaluating who benefits most from antismoking parenting. This will be the first study to test these relationships, and the first to assess the effects of antismoking parenting on adolescent smoking in a bioecological framework. Such unique data will be critical to developing effective youth smoking prevention and intervention programs.