Macro Level Stressors, Terrorism, and Drinking Outcomes

描述（由申请人提供）：本研究的目标是：1)通过检查当前突出的宏观水平压力源（MLS），包括与恐怖主义相关的压力源，自然灾害，在对外战争中的部署和其他MLS，拓宽人口调查中典型研究的社会心理压力源的领域；2)描述MLS对有害饮酒结果的影响过程。通过对焦点小组文本的内容分析，将开发一个MLS工具，以及包括集体“转型”积极应对模式和个性相关反应在内的应对方式。然后，我们将对美国大陆的代表性样本进行两波调查（第一波N= 2507），采用混合方法，包括RDD电话访谈，然后邮寄问卷来招募受访者。我们的理论框架包括：MLS和微观压力暴露、保护性调节因子（婚姻/伴侣状况、感知到的社会支持、积极应对（特别关注“转型”应对）以及健康和心理健康服务利用）、脆弱性调节因子（人格缺陷涉及低控制感和消极情感，以及涉及积极期望、个人问题饮酒史和家庭问题饮酒/酗酒史的酒精相关因素）、痛苦和压力评估中介（感知压力负担、抑郁、焦虑和创伤后应激障碍症状）、社会地位（性别、社会经济地位和种族/民族）以及饮酒和物质使用结果（消费的数量和频率、酗酒、饮酒至中毒、问题相关饮酒和其他合法和非法药物的使用）。结构方程模型将用于测试研究假设，描述MLS导致有害饮酒结果的过程。与公共卫生相关的长期目标是：1)建立一个知识库，描述MLS导致有害饮酒结果的动态；2)提出涉及旨在减少MLS产生的有害饮酒结果的干预和预防工作的社会政策的影响。公共卫生相关性：该项目与公共卫生相关，因为它涉及被视为对社会中个人心理健康产生负面影响的重要社会因素（在本例中是特定类型的社会压力源）。更具体地说，该研究将展示宏观社会压力因素导致有害饮酒结果的方式，以及干预和预防的重要因素。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The objectives of this study are to 1)broaden the domain of psychosocial stressors typically studied in population surveys by examining macro level stressors (MLS) of current salience, including terrorism-related stressors, natural disasters, deployment in foreign wars and other MLS, and 2)depict the processes by which MLS impact on deleterious drinking outcomes. A MLS instrument, along with ways of coping which include collective "transformatory" active modes of coping and personality-relevant reactions, will be developed by content analyses of the transcripts from focus groups. We will then conduct a two wave survey of a representative sample of the continental U.S. (N= 2507 at wave 1) employing mixed methods entailing RDD phone interviews to recruit respondents followed by mailed questionnaires. Our theoretical framework encompasses: MLS and micro level stress exposure, protective moderators (marital/partner status, perceived social support, active coping with a particular focus on "transformatory" coping, and health and mental health service utilization), vulnerability moderators (personality deficits involving low sense of control, and negative affectivity, and alcohol-related factors involving positive expectancies, personal history of problem drinking and family history of problem drinking/alcoholism), distress and stress appraisal mediators (perceived stress burden, depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology), social status (gender, SES and race/ethnicity), and drinking and substance use outcomes (quantity and frequency of consumption, binge drinking, drinking to intoxication, problem-related drinking and use of other licit and illicit drugs). Structural equation models will be used to test the study hypotheses depicting the processes by which MLS contribute to deleterious drinking outcomes. Long term public health-relevant goals are: 1)to produce a knowledge base depicting the dynamics by which MLS contribute to deleterious drinking outcomes and 2)suggest implications for social policies involving intervention and prevention efforts aimed at reducing MLS-engendered deleterious drinking outcomes. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project is relevant to public health in so far as it addresses important social factors (in this case, particular types of social stressors) which are viewed as negatively impacting the mental health of individuals in society. More specifically, the study will demonstrate the ways in which macro social stressors lead to deleterious drinking outcomes, and factors important for interventions and prevention.