Mechanisms Underlying Social Cooperative Behavior

描述（由申请人提供）：在过去的几十年里，理解社会合作行为的本质已经在多个调查领域受到了相当大的关注。事实证明，人们更看重从积极的社会互动中获得的效用价值，而不是与自我服务的金钱回报相关的效用价值。对于这一现象，人们提出了多种解释，包括：人们厌恶不公平，人们关心他人的意图，人们从积极的社会互动中获得社会效用，人们对违反规范的行为产生消极的情绪反应。社会神经经济学这一新兴领域的最新研究支持了这样一种观点，即合作可以增加积极情绪，增加大脑中与奖励处理相关区域的活动，这表明人们确实在积极的社会互动中发现了效用。然而，这种行为背后的另一种可能机制是，人们厌恶内疚，并做出最小化预期内疚的决定。这一观点基于社会心理学的内疚概念，在最近的经济模型中得到了支持，在这些模型中，对他人信念的信念被纳入了个人效用函数。尽管在临床和社会心理学中有广泛的理论发展，但令人惊讶的是，内疚几乎没有产生令人信服的实证研究。心理博弈论提供了经济学和心理学的方法和理论的理想结合，以探索内疚如何影响社会互动背景下的实际行为。研究1.1将解决一个假设，即只有当你相信你的伴侣认为你有错时，你才会感到内疚。研究1.2将解决内疚可以通过采取补救行动来放弃的假设。最后，研究2将尝试使用一个复杂的内疚经济模型来预测与内疚体验相关的大脑活动。NIMH的使命是推动行为科学和脑科学的整合，以提供对精神障碍的更好理解。该提案结合了心理学、经济学和神经科学等不同领域的理论和方法，以更好地理解内疚在社会互动决策中的作用，这可以深入了解与多种神经精神疾病（包括精神病）相关的社会情感障碍。抑郁症，创伤性脑损伤，额颞叶痴呆。我的长期目标是追求临床神经科学家的学术生涯，在此期间，我将使用神经影像学作为我的主要研究方法来调查神经精神疾病中决策障碍的本质。我相信，基础研究和应用研究中最重要的进步都来自跨学科的方法，这需要在兴趣的广度和知识的深度之间找到平衡。最终，我希望在成像技术的应用方面取得进展，这将有助于更好地理解与神经精神病理学相关的功能障碍，并导致改进的诊断和治疗程序。我的培训计划包含了实现我的职业目标所必需的工具。首先，我正在积极攻读临床心理学博士学位，辅修临床神经心理学。我的大部分课程包括研讨会、实习和实习，重点是理解精神和神经疾病的精神病理学本质，并熟练掌握最新的经验支持的心理评估和治疗技术。其次，我的研究计划侧重于整合神经科学、经济学和心理学的前沿技术，以开发新的范式，将信念和情感在决策中的作用分离出来。这些范式对于理解与各种神经精神病理相关的决策障碍的本质至关重要。我很幸运能够接触到那些开创了与我的提案直接相关的理论和方法的教师。通过课程、直接一对一的互动、实验室会议和与学生的交流，我将能够提高我对Alan Sanfey博士的神经经济学、John Allen博士的情感、Martin Dufwenberg博士的心理博弈论、Michael Frank博士的动态强化学习模型、Michael Frank博士的神经成像等相关概念和技能的熟练程度。Alan Sanfey， Lee Ryan和Ted Trouard，以及Aurelio Figueredo博士的多元统计数据。第三，我的培训计划也强调了我将从我的赞助商那里得到优秀的指导和指导。艾伦·桑菲博士，这和我的职业目标直接相关。在负责任的研究行为、制定独立的研究计划、撰写手稿和拨款、制作有效的海报和演讲方面接受教学培训，将有助于为学术生涯做准备。通过指导本科生助教，我也将获得宝贵的教学经验。该培训计划为在神经经济学领域作为临床神经科学家追求雄心勃勃的学术生涯的个人提供了理想的途径。将正式临床培训与研究重点扩展到心理学、经济学和神经科学等不同领域的独特整合，将为我提供最佳的培训，以产生高影响力的研究，这与NIMH的优先事项“推进大脑和行为科学的综合科学，为理解精神障碍及其治疗提供基础”相一致。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Understanding the nature of social cooperative behavior has received considerable attention over the past few decades spanning multiple domains of inquiry. People have been demonstrated to weigh the value of utility gained from positive social interactions higher then that associated with self-serving monetary payoffs. A variety of explanations have been proposed to explain this phenomenon including: people are inequity averse, people care about other's intentions, people receive social utility from positive social interactions, and people experience negative emotional reactions in response to norm violations. Recent research in the emerging field of Social Neuroeconomics has supported the notion that cooperation can lead to increased positive moods and increased activity in regions ofthe brain associated with reward processing, suggesting that indeed people find utility in positive social interactions. However, another possible mechanism underlying this behavior is that people are guilt averse and make decisions that minimize their anticipated guilt. This idea, based on notions of guilt from social psychology, has found support in recent economic models in which beliefs about other's beliefs are incorporated into individual utility functions. Despite its extensive theoretical development in clinical and social psychology, guilt has surprisingly generated little compelling empirical work. Psychological Game Theory provides an ideal combination of methods and theories from economics and psychology to explore how guilt impacts actual behavior in the context of social interactions. Study 1.1 will address the hypothesis that guilt is only experienced if you believe that your partner believes that you were at fault. Study 1.2 will address the hypothesis that guilt can be relinquished by taking reparative action. Finally, study 2 will attempt to use a sophisticated economic model of guilt to predict brain activity associated with processes involved in the experience of guilt. Consistent with the NIMH's mission to advance the integration of behavior and brain science to provide a greater understanding of mental disorders, this proposal combines theories and methods from the diverse fields of psychology, economics, and neuroscience to gain a greater understanding of the role of guilt in social interactive decision-making, which can yield insight into the socio-emotional impairment associated with a multitude of neuropsychiatric disorders including psychopathy, depression, traumatic brain injury, and fronto-temporal dementia. My long-term goal is to pursue an academic career as a clinical neuroscientist, in which I will use neuroimaging as my primary research methodology to investigate the nature of decision-making impairments in neuropsychiatric disorders. I believe that the most important advances in both basic and applied research arise out of an interdisciplinary approach, which necessitates finding a balance between breadth of interests and depth of knowledge. Ultimately, I hope to make advances in the application of imaging techniques, which will facilitate a better understanding ofthe functional impairment associated with neuropsychiatric pathology and lead to improved diagnostic and treatment procedures. My training proposal incorporates the necessary tools for me to achieve my career goal. First, I am actively pursuing a doctorate in clinical psychology with a minor in clinical neuropsychology. A considerable amount of my coursework consists of seminars, practica, and externships that are focused on understanding the nature of psychopathology in psychiatric and neurological disorders and gaining proficiency in the most current empirically supported psychological assessment and treatment techniques. Second, my research proposal focuses on integrating cutting edge techniques in neuroscience, economics, and psychology to develop novel paradigms that isolate the role of belief and emotion in decision-making. These paradigms will be critical in understanding the nature of decision-making impairment associated with various neuropsychiatric pathologies. I am fortunate to have access to faculty that have pioneered theory and methods that are directly relevant to my proposal. Through,courses, direct one-on-one interactions, laboratory meetings, and communications with their students, I will be able to enhance my proficiency in concepts and skills pertaining to Neuroeconomics from Dr. Alan Sanfey, emotion from Dr. John Allen, Psychological Game Theory from Dr. Martin Dufwenberg, dynamic reinforcement learning models from Dr. Michael Frank, neuroimaging from Drs. Alan Sanfey, Lee Ryan, and Ted Trouard, and in multivariate statistics from Dr. Aurelio Figueredo. Third, my training plan also highlights the excellent mentoring and guidance I will receive from my sponsor. Dr. Alan Sanfey, which directly relates to my career goals. Receiving didactic training in the responsible conduct of research, the development of an independent program of research, writing of manuscripts and grants, and in developing effective posters and presentations will be instrumental in preparing for an academic career. I will also receive valuable teaching experience by mentoring undergraduate research assistants. This training program provides an ideal path for an individual pursuing an ambitious academic career in the field of Neuroeconomics as a clinical neuroscientist. The unique integration of formal clinical training with a research focus extending into the diverse fields of psychology, economics, and neuroscience will provide me with the optimal training to produce high impact research consistent with the NIMH's priority of "Advancing the integrative science of brain and behavior science which provides the foundation for understanding mental disorders and their treatments.