Low-Cost Catalytic Biomass Cookstove for Improved Indoor Air Quality

项目摘要 据估计，25亿人，即世界人口的三分之一，依靠生物质燃料， 烹饪生物质炉灶的排放导致全球气候变化，室内/当地空气 质量问题和相关的健康影响。特别是与生物质有关的室内空气质量问题 炉灶大大增加了急性呼吸道感染率。最近开发的强制通风 和"火箭"炉提供了改进，但不太可能始终符合世卫组织的室内卫生准则。 空气质量.一氧化碳、未燃烧的碳氢化合物（包括甲醛等空气毒素）和 颗粒物（PM）尤其成问题。类似于排放控制的演变， 汽车，先进的生物质炉灶已经发展到包括一个 氧化催化剂是合乎逻辑的下一步。然而，广泛使用的贵金属氧化催化剂是 昂贵得令人望而却步。相反，我们提出了一种低成本的替代氧化催化剂 集成到炉子里的。在第一阶段，催化剂，最初开发的柴油机烟尘氧化 催化剂，合成，表征，并在一个专门的原型炉灶测试。的 在第一阶段设计和测试的原型炉改善了向烹饪容器的热传递， 包括的设计特点，允许微调的空气流量，燃料/空气混合，和热量释放。在 此外，原型炉灶包括若干设计特点，以提高易用性和安全性。的 第一阶段的技术方法严重依赖于计算流体动力学（CFD），快速原型， 和实验室测试。在阶段II中，催化剂被进一步精制，并具有长期稳定性。 确认还探索了用另外的金属掺杂的催化剂。一个焦点小组在 危地马拉被用来设计炉子，以满足潜在用户的需要。合并后 设计变更后，进行了现场试验，以衡量实际性能和用户接受度。 CRP的工作将侧重于在发展中国家制造炉灶， 出售或分发。这种方法将降低制造成本并提供当地就业机会。不像其他 催化剂，所提出的催化剂不需要专门的湿化学方法来合成。 催化剂合成只需要一个熔炉和日用化学品。发展的所有阶段都将 考虑当地的可制造性、维护和用户接受度。在CRP期间，我们将保护 通过申请必要的专利来保护我们的知识产权。我们还将与制造业合作 公司改进滴盘制造和催化剂对整体的粘附，以确保手工 制造商可以很容易地复制炉子。最后，我们将与危地马拉当地合作伙伴合作， 确定最好的当地市场的炉子和探索慈善和碳信用炉 传播方案。

Project Summary An estimated 2.5 billion people, or about one-third of the world’s population, rely on biomass fuel for cooking. Emissions from biomass cookstoves contribute to global climate change, indoor/local air quality issues, and related health effects. In particular, indoor air quality issues related to biomass cookstoves contribute significantly to rates of acute respiratory infection. Recently developed forced air and “rocket” stoves offer improvements, but are unlikely to consistently meet WHO guidelines for indoor air quality. Emissions of CO, unburned hydrocarbons (including air toxins like formaldehyde) and particulate matter (PM) are especially problematic. Similar to the evolution of emissions controls for automobiles, advanced biomass cookstoves have progressed to the point where inclusion of an oxidation catalyst is the logical next step. However, widely used noble-metal oxidation catalysts are prohibitively expensive. Instead, we proposed the inclusion of a low-cost, alternative oxidation catalyst that is integrated into the stove. In Phase I, the catalyst, originally developed as a diesel soot oxidation catalyst, was synthesized, characterized, and tested in a specialized prototype cookstove. The prototype stove designed and tested in Phase I improved heat transfer to the cooking vessel and included design features that allow fine tuning of the air flow, fuel/air mixing, and heat release. In addition, the prototype stove includes several design features to improve ease-of-use and safety. The Phase I technical approach relied heavily on computational fluid dynamics (CFD), rapid prototyping, and laboratory testing. In Phase II the catalyst was refined further and long term stability was confirmed. Catalyst doping with additional metals was also explored. A focus group conducted in Guatemala was used to design the stove to meet the needs of potential users. After incorporating design changes, a field trial was performed to gauge real-world performance and user acceptance. CRP work will focus on manufacturing the stoves in developing countries where the stoves would be sold or distributed. This approach will lower manufacturing costs and provide local jobs. Unlike other catalysts, the proposed catalyst requires no specialized wet chemistry methods for its synthesis. Catalyst synthesis requires only a furnace and commodity chemicals. All stages of the development will consider local manufacturability, maintenance, and user acceptance. During the CRP we will protect our intellectual property by applying for necessary patents. We will also partner with manufacturing companies to refine drip pan manufacture and catalyst-to-monolith adhesion to ensure artisanal manufacturers can easily replicate the stove. Finally we will work with local Guatemalan partners to identify the best local markets for the stove and explore charitable and carbon-credit stove dissemination programs.