Low-Cost Catalytic Biomass Cookstove for Improved Indoor Air Quality

用于改善室内空气质量的低成本催化生物质炉灶

• 批准号: 9034580
• 负责人: Paul Yelvington
• 金额: $ 55.22万
• 依托单位: MAINSTREAM ENGINEERING CORPORATION
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-07-11 至 2017-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9034580
• 关键词: Acute; Acute respiratory infection; Africa; Air; Air Pollutants; Automobiles; Benzene; Biomass; Burn injury; Capital; Central America; Cessation of life; Chemicals; Chemistry; Cookstove; Deposition; Developed Countries; Developing Countries; Development; Environmental Health; Equipment; Evolution; Exposure to; Fire - disasters; Formaldehyde; Glass; Goals; Guatemala; Guidelines; Health; Heating; Home environment; Hydrocarbons; Indoor Air Quality; Kenya; Laboratories; Liquid substance; Location; Maintenance; Marketing; Measurement; Metals; Methods; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Nitrogen Dioxide; Occupations; Particulate Matter; Pathway interactions; Performance; Phase; Population; Production; Public Health; Research; Safety; Soot; Staging; Techniques; Testing; Time; Toxin; Variant; Vent; biomass fuel; burden of illness; catalyst; climate change; commercialization; cooking; cost; design; global environment; improved; interest; meetings; oxidation; programs; prototype; simulation

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): An estimated 2.5 billion people, or about one-third of the world's population, rely on biomass fuel for cooking. Emissions from biomass cookstoves contribute to global climate change, indoor/local air quality issues, and related health effects. I particular, indoor air quality issues related to biomass cookstoves contribute significantly to rates of acute respiratory infection. Recently developed forced air and "rocket" stoves offer improvements, but are unlikely to consistently meet WHO guidelines for indoor air quality. Emissions of CO, unburned hydrocarbons (including air toxins like formaldehyde) and particulate matter (PM) are especially problematic. Similar to the evolution of emissions controls for automobiles, advanced biomass cookstoves have progressed to the point where inclusion of an oxidation catalyst is the logical next step. However, the widely used noble-metal oxidation catalysts are prohibitively expensive. Instead, we proposed the inclusion of a low-cost, alternative oxidation catalyst that is integrated into the stove. In Phase I, the catalyst, originaly developed as a diesel soot oxidation catalyst, was synthesized, characterized, and tested in a specialized prototype cookstove. Further catalyst development activities were undertaken to optimize the constituent ratios, determine catalyst lifetime, and develop simple methods for deposition on the support. The prototype stove designed and tested in Phase I improved heat transfer to the cooking vessel and included design features that allow fine tuning of the air flow, fuel/air mixing, and heat release. In addition, the prototype stove includes several design features to improve ease-of-use and safety. The Phase I technical approach relied heavily on computational fluid dynamics (CFD), rapid prototyping, and laboratory testing. Laboratory measurements of PM, CO, and hydrocarbon emissions have been performed for both baseline stoves and the prototype low-cost, catalytic stove. The Phase II technical approach includes refinement of the catalyst, improvements to the stove design to better accommodate the catalyst, field trials to gauge real-world performance and user acceptance, and design for manufacturing (DFM) analysis. The commercialization strategy for the advanced cookstove seeks to manufacture the stoves in developing countries like Kenya and Guatemala, where the stoves would be sold. This approach will lower manufacturing costs and provide local jobs. Unlike other catalysts, the proposed catalyst requires no specialized wet chemistry methods for its synthesis. In contrast, the catalyst synthesis is essentially the same as traditional glass making, and requires only a furnace and commodity chemicals. All stages of the development will consider local manufacturability, maintenance, and user acceptance. Stove customization options will be developed to accommodate local cooking traditions and variability of local biomass fuels.

 描述(申请人提供)：估计有25亿人，约占世界人口的三分之一，依靠生物质燃料做饭。生物质炉灶的排放导致全球气候变化、室内/当地空气质量问题以及相关的健康影响。I特别是与生物质炉灶有关的室内空气质量问题大大增加了急性呼吸道感染率。最近开发的强制空气和“火箭”炉灶提供了改进，但不太可能始终符合世卫组织关于室内空气质量的指导方针。CO、未燃烧碳氢化合物(包括甲醛等空气毒素)和颗粒物(PM)的排放尤其成问题。与汽车排放控制的发展类似，先进的生物质炉灶已经发展到了加入氧化催化剂是顺理成章的下一步。然而，广泛使用的贵金属氧化催化剂昂贵得令人望而却步。相反，我们建议在炉子中集成一种低成本的替代氧化催化剂。在第一阶段，合成了该催化剂，该催化剂最初是作为柴油烟尘氧化催化剂而开发的，并在专用原型炉子上进行了表征和测试。进一步开展了催化剂开发活动，以优化组成比，确定催化剂寿命，并开发在载体上沉积的简单方法。在第一阶段设计和测试的原型炉子改善了对烹饪容器的传热，并包括允许微调气流的设计特征， 燃料/空气混合和热量释放。此外，原型炉具包括几个设计特点，以提高易用性和安全性。第一阶段的技术方法在很大程度上依赖于计算流体力学(CFD)、快速成型和实验室测试。已经对基准炉子和低成本催化炉原型进行了PM、CO和碳氢化合物排放的实验室测量。第二阶段的技术方法包括改进催化剂，改进炉子设计以更好地适应催化剂，现场试验以衡量真实世界的性能和用户接受度，以及面向制造的设计(DFM)分析。先进炉灶的商业化战略寻求在肯尼亚和危地马拉等发展中国家制造炉灶，这些国家的炉灶将在这些国家销售。这种方法将降低制造成本，并提供当地就业机会。与其他催化剂不同，建议的催化剂不需要专门的湿化学方法来合成。相比之下，催化剂合成基本上与传统的玻璃制造相同，只需要一个熔炉和商品化学品。开发的所有阶段都将考虑当地的可制造性、维护和用户接受度。将开发炉灶定制选项，以适应当地的烹饪传统和当地生物质燃料的可变性。