Adipokines in Hemodialysis Patients

描述（由申请人提供）：与非尿毒症人群相比，高体重指数（BMI）已被证明与透析患者的更好生存率相关，因此认为脂肪对透析患者有益。这就提出了一个问题，如果尿毒症修改介导脂肪细胞对胰岛素抵抗，血脂异常，高血压，炎症和动脉粥样硬化在非尿毒症人群的影响的分子信号通路。如果不是，这些分子信号的临床作用是什么，哪些治疗干预可以调节透析患者的这些信号？脂肪因子，如肿瘤坏死因子-1（TNF-1）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1（派-1）、瘦素和脂联素，是由脂肪细胞分泌的调节肥胖对临床结果的影响的激素。脂肪因子是否与尿毒症的肥胖和临床疗效有类似的关系，目前尚不清楚。我们假设：（1）尿毒症并不逆转脂肪细胞产生脂肪因子或脂肪因子对炎症、氧化应激和胰岛素抵抗的代谢作用。因此，在血液透析患者中，肥胖与脂肪因子的相关性以及脂肪因子与炎症、氧化应激和胰岛素抵抗的相关性的方向与非尿毒症人群中描述的相同;和（2）用吡格列酮，一种过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体（PPAR）-3配体，将上调抗炎脂肪因子脂联素，下调促炎脂肪因子TNF-1和IL-6。因此，吡格列酮应减少炎症，氧化应激和保护超重或肥胖的糖尿病或非糖尿病慢性透析患者的肌肉质量。本修订申请旨在：（1）通过进行观察性研究，进一步了解尿毒症中肥胖和脂肪细胞的生物学和病理生理学;（2）通过干预性研究，检测脂肪组织脂肪因子表达和血浆脂肪因子浓度与其临床代谢效应之间的因果关系。1.观察部分：这将在120名普遍的慢性血液透析患者（50名将接受皮下脂肪活检）中进行检查，这些患者具有广泛的体重指数（BMI）：通过磁共振成像（MRI）评估的内脏脂肪量与a.活检的皮下脂肪组织中的脂肪因子（脂联素、TNF-1和IL-6）表达B.脂肪因子（脂联素、TNF-1、IL-6、派-1和瘦素）的血浆水平和c.临床代谢参数（如血浆hsCRP水平所示的炎症、如血浆F2-异前列腺素所示的氧化应激和如稳态评估模型所示的胰岛素抵抗）。二.皮下脂肪脂肪因子表达与血浆脂肪因子水平及上述临床代谢参数的相关性。2.干预部分：这是一项在100例超重或肥胖的血液透析患者中进行的随机安慰剂对照试验。这些患者将接受随机化并随访24周。终点将是皮下脂肪组织脂肪因子表达、血浆脂肪因子浓度、炎症、氧化应激和胰岛素抵抗的血浆标志物以及通过MRI定量的大腿中部肌肉质量。这些研究将增强我们对脂肪细胞的生物学和病理学的理解，以及肥胖和尿毒症临床结局之间明显的矛盾。我们的随机试验的积极结果也将为一项大型的、明确的PPAR 3配体药物干预试验铺平道路，以改善透析患者的临床结局。经修订的申请已处理了审查员的所有意见。特别是，我们简化了应用程序，删除了HEMO研究部分，并广泛修订了方法部分，以阐明研究设计和组织。公共卫生相关性：如果脂肪细胞产生有害的蛋白质，针对减少这些蛋白质的产生的治疗将最终降低肥胖透析患者的发病率和死亡率。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): In contrast to the non-uremic population, high body mass index (BMI) has been shown to be associated with better survival in dialysis patients and hence fat is considered to be beneficial in dialysis patients. This raises the question if uremia modifies the molecular signaling pathways that mediate the effects of adipocytes on insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, inflammation and atherosclerosis in the non-uremic population. If not, what are the clinical effects of these molecular signals and what therapeutic interventions could modulate these signals in dialysis patients? Adipokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-1 (TNF-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), leptin and adiponectin, are hormones secreted by adipocytes that mediate the effects of adiposity on clinical outcomes. Whether the adipokines bear similar relationships with adiposity and clinical effects in uremia is unclear at present. We hypothesize that (1) Uremia does not reverse the adipocyte production of adipokines or the metabolic effects of adipokines on inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Hence, the direction of the associations of adiposity with adipokines and the associations of adipokines with inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in hemodialysis patients are the same as described in the non-uremic population; and (2) intervention with pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor (PPAR)-3 ligand, will up-regulate the anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin and down- regulate the pro-inflammatory adipokines, TNF-1 and IL-6. Hence, pioglitazone should decrease inflammation, oxidative stress and preserve muscle mass in overweight or obese diabetic or non-diabetic chronic dialysis patients. This revised application seeks to (1) further understand the biology and pathophysiology of adiposity and adipocytes in uremia by performing an observational study; and (2) test the causal relationships between adipose tissue adipokine expression and plasma adipokine concentrations with their clinical metabolic effects in uremia by an interventional study. 1. Observational component: This will examine in 120 prevalent chronic hemodialysis patients (50 will undergo subcutaneous fat biopsy) with a wide range of body mass index (BMI): i. the associations of visceral fat mass, as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with a. adipokine (adiponectin, TNF-1 and IL-6) expression in biopsied subcutaneous fat tissues b. plasma levels of adipokines (adiponectin, TNF-1, IL-6, PAI-1 and leptin) and c. clinical metabolic parameters (inflammation as indicated by plasma hsCRP levels, oxidative stress as indicated by plasma F2-isoprostanes and insulin resistance as indicated by Homeostatic Model of Assessment). ii. the associations of subcutaneous fat adipokine expression with plasma adipokine levels and the above clinical metabolic parameters. 2. Interventional component: This is a randomized placebo-controlled trial of the PPAR3 ligand pioglitazone in 100 overweight or obese prevalent hemodialysis patients. These patients will be randomized and followed for 24 weeks. The endpoints will be subcutaneous adipose tissue adipokine expression, plasma adipokine concentrations, plasma markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance as well as mid-thigh muscle mass quantified by MRI. These studies will enhance our understanding of the biology and pathobiology of adipocytes as well as the apparent paradox between adiposity and clinical outcomes in uremia. A positive result of our randomized trial will also pave the way for a large, definitive interventional trial of PPAR3 ligand drugs to improve the clinical outcomes of dialysis patients. The revised application has addressed all the comments of the Reviewers. In particular, we have simplified the application, deleted the HEMO Study component, and extensively revised the methods section to clarify the study design and organization. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: If fat cells produce harmful proteins, therapy targeted towards decreasing the production of these proteins will ultimately decrease the morbidity and mortality in obese dialysis patients.