Assessing the effects of adolescent nicotine vapor exposure on motivation and decision for rewards

项目摘要 缺乏信息，加上有针对性的广告，增加了可口的味道，以及对 它们的安全性导致电子尼古丁传递系统(电子烟)的使用急剧增加， 电子烟销售额从2008年的2000万美元上升到2014年的15亿美元。在青少年中，继续每年 电子烟的使用量增长特别快，现在电子烟的使用量已经超过了传统电子烟 这一人群中的香烟。青少年大脑的神经生物学产生一种行为表型 这增加了寻求奖励的行为，使他们从事更冲动和更危险的行为， 包括实验性药物使用。这些发现证明，迫切需要更多的研究来研究 尼古丁蒸气暴露对青少年健康的影响，包括它对青少年可塑性大脑和 它控制的行为。我们假设青少年接触尼古丁蒸气会导致长期的戏剧性 寻求奖赏行为的变化。基于有限数量的调查研究的结果 尼古丁对决策和线索诱导的奖励动机的影响，我们预测重复 暴露在尼古丁蒸气中会导致冲动选择的显著和持续增加，风险降低 在雄性和雌性大鼠中，线索诱导的奖赏寻求行为的增强都减少了。 此外，我们预计，特定的尼古丁受体亚型，特别是在纹状体中，将预测 奖励选择和动机。我们将使用成本效益决策和巴甫洛夫理论来检验这些预测。 以食物颗粒为奖励的仪器转移测试。这项研究的目标是确定 青春期接触尼古丁蒸气会导致冲动或高风险选择的长期显著变化 (目标1a)或奖励配对线索激发寻求奖励行为的能力的长期变化(目标 1B)。此外，奖励动机或奖励选择与烟碱α4β2受体水平之间的关系 在有和没有尼古丁蒸气暴露史或青春期尼古丁蒸气暴露的大鼠的大脑中，将被测定(Aim 2)。这项研究将提供有关这一上升和潜在的迫切需要的信息 毁灭性的上瘾趋势，通常在青少年中观察到。

Project Summary A lack of information, along with targeted advertising, addition of palatable flavors, and misconceptions about their safety has led to a dramatic increase in the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (e-cigarettes), with sales of e-cigarettes rising from $20 million in 2008 to $1.5 billion in 2014. In adolescents, continuing annual increases in e-cigarette use have been particularly high and e-cigarette use has now surpassed that of traditional cigarettes within this population. The neurobiology of the adolescent brain produces a behavioral phenotype that increases reward-seeking behavior and makes them engage in more impulsive and risky behaviors, including experimental drug use. These findings warrant a critical need for more research on the effects of nicotine vapor exposure on adolescent health, including its effects on the malleable adolescent brain and the behavior that it controls. We posit that adolescent exposure to nicotine vapor results in long-term dramatic changes in reward seeking behaviors. Based on the results of a limited number of studies investigating the effects of nicotine on decision making and cue-induced motivation for rewards, we predicted that repeated exposure to nicotine vapor will cause a significant and persist increases in impulsive choice, decreases in risky choice, and decreases in cue-induced potentiation of reward seeking behavior, in both male and female rats. Additionally, we expect that specific nicotinic receptor subtypes, particularly within the striatum, will predict reward choice and motivation. We will test these predictions using cost-benefit decision making and Pavlovian- to-instrumental transfer tests with food pellets as the reward. The goal of this research is to determine if exposure to nicotine vapor during adolescence causes significant long-term changes in impulsive or risky choice (Aim 1a) or long-term changes in the ability of reward paired cues to invigorate reward seeking behavior (Aim 1b). Additionally, relationships between reward motivation or reward choice and nicotinic α4β2 receptor levels in the brains of rats, with and without a history or adolescent nicotine vapor exposure, will be determined (Aim 2). This research will provide immediate and much needed information about this rising and potentially devastating addictive trend, commonly observed in adolescents.