Infant motor experience and caregiver perceptions of infant intentionality: Examining transactional processes of development

项目摘要 婴儿早期的运动经验(例如，抓握、爬行、行走)与后来的运动经验一致 成就和能力，包括理解和学习他人甚至他们的语言的能力 发展。然而，早期的运动经验与后来的成就相关的机制是 没有完全理解。父母对孩子心理和认知能力的认知随着孩子的成长而增加 发展。亲眼目睹孩子参与环境的能力增强可能会导致 更多地认为他们的孩子有能力进行更高级的思考、规划和行动。这 认知上的变化可能会影响他们与孩子的互动。事实上，母亲们认为 智力越强的婴儿往往表现出更敏感的养育行为，父母为他们提供 不同的输入取决于他们孩子的运动技能。因此，早期的运动经验和 随后的发展可能在一定程度上是由父母的认知和互动的变化来解释的 带着他们的孩子。在建议的项目中，我们将研究父母的认知与他们的养育方式是如何相关的 行为，以及父母对孩子的看法在婴儿与儿童之间的联系中起中介作用的可能性 早期的运动经验和后来的发展。在研究1中，我们将首先探讨培训是否 范型，为婴儿提供当前曲目之外的特定运动体验，并具有 已证明可以提高婴儿的运动技能(即伸手和物体探索)，也会影响父母的 对他们孩子的看法。我们预计婴儿运动技能的变化将与 父母的认知，以及父母认知中的个体差异将在 早期的运动经验和后来的技能。在研究2中，我们将操纵父母对孩子的看法- 诱导出一种高估或低估孩子当前能力的观点 了解他们自己和他人的想法、情绪和作用--然后我们将研究这种关系 在这些对孩子的不同看法和他们与孩子互动时的行为之间。我们预计 那些被诱导高估孩子能力的父母会表现出更敏感和更具刺激性 与那些被诱导低估孩子能力的行为相比。这个项目有可能 加深我们对基础发展级联的理解，以深入了解亲子之间是如何 事务性进程支持发展，并为婴儿和家庭提供有针对性的干预措施 他们可能会从额外的支持中受益。

Project Summary Infants’ early motor experiences (e.g., grasping, crawling, walking) are consistently related to later achievements and abilities, including their ability to understand and learn from others and even their language development. However, the mechanisms by which early motor experience is related to later achievements are not fully understood. Parents’ perceptions of their child’s mental and cognitive abilities increase with the child’s development. Witnessing the increased capability of their child’s engagement with the environment may result in increased perception of their child as capable of more advanced thinking, planning, and acting. This proposed shift in perception could then impact their interactions with their child. In fact, mothers who attribute greater mental abilities to their infants tend to exhibit more sensitive parenting behavior, and parents provide differential input depending on their child’s motor skills. Thus, the link between early motor experiences and subsequent development may be, in part, explained by changes in parents’ perceptions of and interactions with their child. In the proposed project we will examine how parents’ perceptions are related to their parenting behavior, and the potential for parents’ perceptions of their children to mediate the association between infants’ early motor experiences and subsequent development. In Study 1, we will first explore whether a training paradigm that provides infants with specific motor experiences outside of their current repertoire, and that has been shown to increase infants’ motor skill (i.e., reaching and object exploration), also impacts parents’ perceptions about their child. We expect that changes in infants’ motor skills will be related to changes in parents’ perceptions, and that individual differences in parents’ perceptions will mediate the relation between early motor experiences and later skills. In Study 2, we will manipulate parents’ perceptions of their child – inducing a perspective that either over estimates or under estimates their child’s current capacity for understanding their own and others’ thoughts, emotions, and agency – and we will then examine the relation between these different perceptions of their child and their behavior in interactions with their child. We expect that those parents induced to over-estimate their child’s ability will show more sensitive and stimulating behavior as compared to those induced to under-estimate their child’s ability. This project has the potential to advance our understanding of a foundational developmental cascade, to provide insight into how parent–child transactional processes support development, and to inform targeted interventions for infants and families whom might benefit from additional support.