Dietary plant diversity and the human gut microbiome

摘要：食物形态、肠道微生物群落及其对人体健康的影响。因此，理性地 基于肠道微生物生态的设计饮食可以提供一种成本效益高的干预措施， 改善公众健康。尽管如此，仍有数百种可食用的食物和数千种独特的肠道细菌 分类群。基本的饮食规则是否管理着这种复杂的微生物系统？一个耐人寻味的观察是 摄取的植物物种的多样性与肠道微生物群结构有关。然而，目前还不清楚是否 以及饮食多样性和肠道微生物群之间的关系如何在不同的人类中普遍存在 人口。此外，我们不知道旨在促进植物物种多样性的饮食会对 现有的指南促进了纤维等营养物质的摄取。此续订申请将解决这些研究 差距。我们的项目将建立在我们之前的发现基础上：从植物中提取的营养物质可以有效地刺激 人体肠道细菌的生长和活动；以及习惯饮食和不同营养素的摄入量都会影响 微生物组对营养干预的反应。基于我们之前的结果，我们将检验这一假设 促进物种多样性是对现有物种多样性的重要补充，在某些情况下还具有替代作用。 饮食建议包括植物，重点是纤维的摄入量。在目标1中，我们将测试关系是否 饮食植物多样性和微生物群组成之间的关系在不同的人类环境中普遍存在。去做 因此，我们将改进一种新的植物摄入量基因组膳食评估技术。然后，我们将使用我们的 优化的平台，可测量1,500个不同年龄、性别、种族、 财富和国籍。接下来，在目标2中，我们将对植物物种多样性和纤维摄入量之间的权衡进行建模。 目前涉及植物的饮食指南侧重于获得足够的纤维摄入量。然而，由于植物 由于纤维含量不同，促进植物物种多样性的政策可能会减少纤维的摄入量。节食是不是 优化纤维消费或植物饮食多样性往往对肠道微生物群更有利？在这里，我们将 通过创建计算模型并使用它们来预测植物的最佳模式来解决这个问题 入口处。最后，在目标3中，我们将评估有关营养复杂性如何影响肠道微生物的生态学理论。 生态学。碳水化合物通常被认为是肠道微生物的关键限制资源。不过，还是很现代的 生态学思想认为，多种营养物质塑造了人类肠道细菌的活动。因此，我们将 测试三种不同的生态模型，以确定调节肠道的饮食营养素的数量和特性 微生物组。我们希望，这三个目标将导致指导是否存在一套具体的 个人应该以平衡的方式摄入植物物种；或者，如果他们应该转而专注于食用 少量富含纤维的植物性食物。我们还希望我们的工作能够识别植物性营养物质，此外 纤维，可以作为微生物组靶向饮食干预的新线索；并为生态环境提供信息 关于限制哺乳动物肠道中细菌营养的数量和相对重要性的理论。

ABSTRACT: Food shapes gut microbial communities and their impact on human health. Thus, rationally designed diets based on gut microbial ecology could provide a cost-effective intervention that significantly improves public health. Still, there are hundreds of edible food species and thousands of unique gut bacterial taxa. Do basic dietary rules govern microbial systems of this complexity? One intriguing observation has been that the diversity of ingested plant species is linked to gut microbiome structure. However, it remains unknown if and how relationships between dietary diversity and the gut microbiome generalize across diverse human populations. Moreover, we do not know how diets designed to promote plant species diversity could affect existing guidelines that promote intake of nutrients like fiber. This renewal application will address these research gaps. Our project will build on our prior findings that: nutrients from plants can be an effective tool for stimulating the growth and activity of human gut bacteria; and that both habitual diet and intake of diverse nutrients influence microbiome responses to nutritional intervention. Based on our previous results, we will examine the hypothesis that promoting species diversity provides an important complement, and in some cases alternative, to current dietary recommendations involving plants, which focus on fiber intake. In Aim 1, we will test whether relationships between dietary plant diversity and microbiome composition generalize across diverse human settings. To do so, we will refine a novel technique for genomic dietary assessment of plant intake. We will then use our optimized platform to measure plant species consumption across 1,500 individuals who vary by age, sex, race, wealth, and nationality. Next, in Aim 2, we will model tradeoffs between plant species diversity and fiber intake. Current dietary guidelines involving plants have focused on achieving sufficient intake of fiber. Yet, since plants differ in their fiber content, policies that promote plant species diversity could diminish fiber intake. Do diets that optimize fiber consumption or plant dietary diversity tend to benefit the gut microbiome more? Here, we will address this question by creating computational models and using them to predict optimal patterns of plant intake. Last, in Aim 3, we will evaluate ecological theories for how nutritional complexity affects gut microbial ecology. Carbohydrates have typically been considered the key limiting resource for gut microbes. Still, modern ecological thought suggests that multiple nutrients shape the activity of human gut bacteria. We will therefore test three distinct ecological models for the number and identity of dietary nutrients that regulate the gut microbiome. In concert, we expect these three Aims to lead to guidance as to whether there exists a specific set of plant species individuals should consume in a balanced manner; or, if they should instead focus on eating a smaller number of fiber-rich plant-based foods. We also expect our work to identify plant-based nutrients, besides fiber, that could serve as new leads for microbiome-targeting dietary interventions; and to inform ecological theories as to the number and relative importance of limiting nutrients for bacteria in the mammalian gut.