Normative and Network Influences on ENDS use (Electronic nicotine delivery systems- e-cigarettes/vaping)

摘要 电子烟的使用近年来迅速增加，现在是最常用的烟草产品 在年轻人中。研究表明，社交网络（即来自朋友的影响）对 青少年烟草使用。然而，没有研究调查电子烟使用与吸烟之间的关系。 青少年的社交网络。一种可能的驱动电子烟使用的机制可能是 朋友规范，一个人对朋友行为的信念或看法，以及遵守朋友规范的愿望。 这些规范。然而，这些感知的规范往往与现实不符，因为人们往往高估了 朋友之间的危险行为，以及朋友之间的实际电子烟使用可能远低于青少年 相信目前，还没有研究探讨知觉的朋友规范和朋友使用之间的相互作用， 个人电子烟使用。这项研究将通过分析友谊网络来填补这一研究空白，使我们能够 获得对影响个人电子烟使用的社会动态的独特见解。了解这些 关系对于理解青少年使用电子烟的社会机制至关重要。 该项目将使用目前NIH资助的研究中招募的两个高中队列的数据， 学生将完成有关烟草/电子烟使用，社交网络（友谊）问题和其他问题的调查。 人口统计学他们将在整个高中进行跟踪，从而获得电子烟使用的纵向数据 和社交网络。随着青少年的友谊网络随着时间的推移而发展，人们所认为的规范和 电子烟的使用模式也发生了变化。这项研究的纵向性质使我们能够评估朋友 与电子烟使用有关的影响和朋友选择（即，如果人们基于类似的电子烟建立友谊， 吸烟行为）。基于先前资助的R 01，本研究的目标是（1）评估 感知同伴规范，同伴使用和个人电子烟使用之间的关联。(2)评价 朋友影响力和朋友选择对电子烟使用的纵向关系。(3)使用模拟 模型的基础上收集的数据，以证明不同水平的感知同行规范和同行 电子烟的个人使用。这种新颖的方法使我们能够模拟如何 网络中感知规范或电子烟使用的假设变化将改变个人电子烟 使用成果。这些分析的结果可用于将社交网络纳入未来的 采取干预措施，改变同龄人的规范观念，并最终减少青少年使用电子烟。

Abstract E-cigarette use has increased rapidly in recent years and is now the most commonly used tobacco product among youth. Research has demonstrated that social networks (i.e. influence from friends) has an effect on adolescent tobacco use. However, no studies have examined the association between e-cigarette use and adolescent social networks over time. One possible mechanism driving e-cigarette use may be perceived friend norms, an individual’s beliefs or perceptions about the behaviors of friends and the desire to conform to these norms. However, these perceived norms are often not aligned with reality, as people often overestimate risk behaviors among friends, and actual e-cigarette use among friends may be much lower than adolescents believe. Currently, no studies have explored the interaction between perceived friend norms and friend use on individual e-cigarette use. This study will fill this research gap by analyzing friendship networks, allowing us to gain unique insight into the social dynamics influencing individual e-cigarette use. Understanding these relationships is critical for understanding the social mechanisms driving e-cigarette use among adolescents. This project will use data from two high school cohorts being recruited in current NIH-funded studies where students will complete surveys about tobacco/e-cigarette use, social network (friendship) questions, and other demographics. They will be followed throughout high school, resulting in longitudinal data on e-cigarette use and social networks. As adolescent friendship networks evolve over time, it is likely that perceived norms and patterns of e-cigarette use change as well. The longitudinal nature of the study allows us to evaluate friend influence and friend selection in relation to e-cigarette use (i.e. if people form friendships based on similar e- cigarette use behavior). Building on the previously funded R01, the objectives of this study are to (1) Assess the association between perceived peer norms, peer use, and individual e-cigarette use. (2) Evaluate the longitudinal relationship between friend influence and friend selection on e-cigarette use. (3) Use a simulation model based on collected data to demonstrate the effects of varying levels of perceived peer norms and peer e-cigarette use on individual e-cigarette use. This novel methodological approach allows us to model how hypothetical changes in perceived norms or e-cigarette use in the network would change individual e-cigarette use outcomes. The results of these analyses can be used to incorporate social networks into future interventions to change peer norm perceptions and ultimately decrease e-cigarette use among adolescents.