Capacity Enhancement Core

能力增强核心部分介绍 这是NIDA P30关于儿童药物滥用预防中心提案的第一次修订 福利制度（CDAP-CWS）。审查人员注意到该核心文件的许多优点，也有一些局限性。 在最初的提案中。优势包括将拟议的重点领域纳入 目前和今后的研究，选定重点领域的适当概念和业务方法， 以及重点领域的潜在公共卫生重要性。的经验和过去的生产力， 研究团队和指导早期职业科学家的记录也被视为优势。 一名或多名审查员确定的关切涉及以下方面： 作为一个重点领域的青春期发展的政策和实践， 成本计算重点领域，对三个重点领域协同作用的关切， 用于进行拟议分析的现有数据/措施以及由于截断样本而导致的普遍性， 对缺乏支持新的创新项目发展的具体机制表示关切， 以及关于分包合同的规模和PI时间分配的预算问题。我们感谢 评论家们的仔细审查和有益的意见。为了解决这些问题，我们 对能力增强核心的修改，我们认为已经导致了一个更强大，更相关的 计划建立一个有可能提供信息的CWS药物滥用预防研究方案 并与CWS研究人员、从业人员和政策领导者相关。请注意，由于大量 修改后的应用程序的这一部分进行了更改，我们没有以任何方式标记更改的文本。 1.选择能力增强核心的重点领域。审查员3指出， 青春期发育，虽然在科学上很有趣，但范围很窄，与《化学武器公约》缺乏直接的关联， 特别是在将科学转化为实践的第二类意义方面。虽然这种担忧并没有 其他两个评论家也同意，经过考虑，我们决定，这将是有利的取代 青春期发育工作更广泛地关注压力神经生物学和遗传学作为预测因子， 调解人和调解人的药物滥用和有关问题。正如本重点领域所述， 在这个更广泛的研究领域中的工作，与CWS的服务和政策有直接的关系， 为下一代的随机干预试验提供信息。此外，这是一个我们已经在 在我们的研究团队中。例如，费舍尔关于HPA轴的研究表明， 寄养儿童，非典型昼夜皮质醇水平普遍存在于经历过 照顾者疏忽然而，参与学龄前儿童的多方面治疗和寄养， 干预导致HPA轴相对于常规寄养儿童的调节增加（Fisher et 例如，2007年）。Fisher和他的同事也开始研究寄养儿童的前额皮质活动 因为特定的执行功能之间的联系是已知的，从前额叶发出， 皮质（例如，抑制控制，注意力和工作记忆），并与药物滥用和破坏性 行为障碍（Fisher，Gunnar等，2006年）。在试点2中，由中心早期职业研究者提出 Saldana与Fisher合作，我们将这项工作扩展到通过注意力来检查执行注意力。 网络任务在吸毒母亲中的应用我们假设，执行注意力的缺陷将预测低 对旨在改善养育子女和阻止药物滥用的治疗的反应。 关于基因变异的新工作也为CWS药物滥用预防研究带来了希望。中心Co-1水平 是这项工作的前沿。她的前瞻性收养研究（359对养父母，他们的收养 儿童和儿童的亲生父母）有可能通过两种方式告知CWS的做法和政策： 详细介绍了可以在幼儿时期发挥作用的特定环境过程，可以帮助抵消 遗传风险，并导致儿童的弹性调整，并详细说明具体的遗传影响， 特性（例如，社会性和持久性），可以增加儿童的弹性，即使在面对早期 逆境（Leve等人，2007年）。我们在这一领域的工作将受益于知识的迅速进步， 发生在分子遗传学领域。例如，布拉德利及其同事（2008年）最近发现， 儿童虐待和创伤不太可能导致成人抑郁症状，在遗传因素的存在下， 促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素1型受体（CRHR 1）基因多态性。这一发现 表明基因与环境的相互作用对成年人抑郁症状的表达很重要 具有CRHR 1风险或保护性等位基因，有虐待儿童史。因此，在更狭窄的地方， 在先前的建议中，我们专注于青春期，现在我们计划建立在我们中心内存在的知识基础上， 为我们当前和未来CWS药物滥用预防研究的集体计划注入方法和 风险和复原力的神经生物学和遗传机制的措施。这将通过以下方式实现： 培训我们中心的科学家，并与CWS从业人员分享这一重点领域的最新工作， 政策领导人。

Introduction to the Capacity Enhancement Core Section This is the first revision of a NIDA P30 proposal for a Center for Drug Abuse Prevention in the Child Welfare System (CDAP-CWS). The reviewers noted many strengths, as well as some limitations, of this Core in the original proposal. Strengths included creative strategies for incorporating the proposed focus areas into current and future studies, appropriate conceptual and operational approaches for the focus areas selected, and the high potential public health significance of the focus areas. The experience and past productivity of the research team and the record of mentoring early career scientists were also seen as strengths. Concerns identified by one or more reviewer involved the following: a question about the value to CWS policy and practice of pubertal development as a focus area, a question about the innovativeness of the costing focus area, concerns about synergy across the three focus areas, questions about the adequacy of the existing data/measures for conducting proposed analyses and generalizability due to truncated samples, concerns about the lack of specification of mechanisms to support the development of new innovative projects, and budget questions about the size of the subcontracts and the allocation of PI time. We are grateful to the reviewers for their careful review and helpful comments. In addressing the concerns, we have made modifications to the Capacity Enhancement Core that we believe have resulted in a stronger, more relevant plan for building a program of CWS drug abuse prevention research that has the potential to be informative and relevant to CWS researchers, practitioners, and policy leaders. Please note that, because substantial changes were made in this section of the revised application, we have not marked changed text in any way. 1. Selection of Focus Areas for the Capacity Enhancement Core. Reviewer 3 noted that the focus on pubertal development, although scientifically interesting, was narrow and lacked direct relevance to the CWS, especially in terms of implications for Type 2 translation of science into practice. Although this concern was not shared by the other two reviewers, upon consideration we determined that it would be advantageous to replace the pubertal development work with a more broad focus on stress neurobiology and genetics as predictors, mediators, and moderators of drug abuse and related problems. As is described in this focus area, emerging work in this more general area of research has direct relevance within the CWS for services and policy and will inform the next generation of randomized intervention trials. Moreover, it is an area in which we already have expertise within our research group. For example, Fisher's work on the HPA axis has shown alterations among children in foster care, with atypical diurnal cortisol levels being prevalent among children who experienced caregiver neglect. However, participation in the Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Preschoolers intervention resulted in increased regulation of the HPA axis relative to children in regular foster care (Fisher et al., 2007). Fisher and colleagues have also begun to examine prefrontal cortex activity in foster children because of the link between particular executive functions that are known to emanate from the prefrontal cortex (e.g., inhibitory control, attention, and working memory) and to relate to drug abuse and disruptive behavior disorders (Fisher, Gunnar, et al., 2006). In Pilot 2, proposed by Center early career investigator Saldana in collaboration with Fisher, we extend this work to examine executive attention via the Attention Network Task in mothers who abuse drugs. We hypothesize that deficits in executive attention will predict low responsiveness to treatments designed improve parenting and deter drug abuse. New work on gene variants also holds promise for CWS drug abuse prevention research. Center Co-l Leve is at the forefront of this work. Her prospective adoption study (359 sets of adoptive parents, their adopted child, and the child's birth parents) has the potential to inform CWS practice and policy in two ways: by detailing specific environmental processes that could be brought to bear in early childhood that can help offset genetic risk and lead to resilient adjustment in children and by detailing specific genetically influenced characteristics (e.g., sociability and persistence) that can increase child resilience even in the face of early adversity (Leve et al., 2007). Our work in this area will benefit from the rapid advances in knowledge that are occurring in the field of molecular genetics. For example, Bradley and colleagues (2008) recently found that child abuse and trauma were less likely to result in adult depressive symptoms in the presence of genetic polymorphisms within the corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor (CRHR1) gene. This finding suggests that Gene x Environment interaction is important for the expression of depressive symptoms in adults with CRHR1 risk or protective alleles who have a history of child abuse. Thus, in place of the more narrow focus on puberty in the prior proposal, we now plan to build on the knowledge that exists within our center and infuse our collective program of current and future CWS drug abuse prevention research with methods and measures of neurobiological and genetic mechanisms of risk and resilience. This will be accomplished through training of our Center scientists and sharing state-of-the-art work in this focus area with CWS practitioners and policy leaders.