Transmission

人类疟疾完全是由按蚊传播的。在南部非洲，这些媒介物种中最重要的是一种。Arabiens，An.冈比亚，和一种。Funestus，与一个。阿拉伯具有更广泛的范围和相当大的生态和生物可塑性。这些媒介的重新分布和丰度在生态和地理上是不同的。这项建议中针对的研究地点不仅反映了疟疾传播生物学和强度的差异，而且还反映了影响这些媒介差异的生态差异。传播生物学在很大程度上受到蚊子行为及其对以蚊子为基础的控制措施(如驱虫蚊帐)的反应的影响。信息技术网络广泛分布在南非各地，是一项巨大的投资。ITN不仅为蚊子提供了物理屏障，而且众所周知，ITN排斥昆虫，鼓励蚊子以替代宿主为食。然而，在南部非洲的一些地区，尽管分发和使用了蚊帐，蚊子仍然几乎完全以人类宿主为目标。来自西非的最新数据表明，在一些地区，通常由使用ITN引起的驱蚊作用失败，抗药性蚊子并未被阻止摄取人类血粉。因此，了解其生物学特性、觅食行为、杀虫剂抗性水平以及种群遗传学和分布，对于指导南部非洲地区选择和实施有效和适当的疟疾干预措施是不可或缺的。目标1)描述 三个研究点疟疾媒介生物学和昆虫学接种率(EIR)。 描述南部非洲疟疾病媒种群的社区结构，并进一步 描述南部非洲阿拉伯按蚊的取食和迁徙行为。目的2)调查三个现场媒介种群对杀虫剂的敏感性，以确定杀虫剂抗性的机制。目的3)利用单核苷酸多态性(SNP)标记对阿拉伯按蚊人群进行群体遗传分析。

Human malaria is exclusively vectored by anopheline mosquitoes. In southern Africa the most important of these vector species are An. arabiensis, An. gambiae, and An. funestus, with An. arabiensis having a wider range and considerably greater ecological and biological plasficity. The relafive distribution and abundance of these vectors vary ecologically and geographically. The study sites targeted in this proposal not only reflect differences in malaria transmission biology and intensity, but also ecological differences that affect these vector differences. Transmission biology is largely affected by mosquito behavior and their response to mosquito-based control measures such as insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs). ITNs are widely distributed throughout south Africa and represent an enormous investment. ITNs not only provide a physical barrier to mosquitoes, but it is also well known that ITNs repel insects, encouraging mosquitoes to feed on alternative hosts. In some areas of southern Africa, however, mosquitoes have continued to almost exclusively target human hosts, despite the distribution and use of ITNs. Recent data from West Africa have shown that in some areas the repellency, typically induced by ITN use, fails and resistant mosquitoes are not deterred from taking human blood meals. Therefore, understanding the bionomics, foraging behavior, levels of insecficide resistance and population genetics and distribufion are integral for guiding selecfion and implementation of effective and appropriate malaria interventions within the southern African region. Aim 1) Characterize the bionomics and entomological inoculafion rates (EIR) of malaria vectors in each of the three study sites. Characterize the community structure of malaria vector populations in southern Africa and further characterize the feeding and resfing behavior of Anopheles arabiensis in southern Africa. Aim 2) Survey insecticide susceptibility of vector populations at all three field sites and to determine the mechanisms of insecficide resistance. Aim 3) Conduct populafion genefic analysis of Anopheles arabiensis populafions using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers.