REALTIME waterpipe tobacco smoke toxicant sampling in the natural environment

描述(申请人提供)：全球范围内，烟草使用每年造成490万人死亡。这些死亡是由吸入烟雾毒物造成的。广泛的研究描述了香烟烟雾有毒物质的含量(或“产出量”)，这是了解使用者接触有毒物质的关键环节。然而，数以百万计的人使用水烟斗(WP)吸烟。可湿性粉剂吸烟也可能是致命的，尽管人们对可湿性粉剂烟雾毒物的产量知之甚少。可湿性粉剂(水烟，水烟)有软管、水碗、身体和一个“头”，里面装满了用木炭加热的加糖和调味的烟草。可湿性粉剂吸烟在美国正在增加，特别是在大学生中。相对于一支香烟，一次使用可湿性粉剂产生的烟雾可以是一支香烟的100倍。目前的技术要求，如果我们要了解可湿性粉尘烟雾，我们必须使用机器来产生它。机器产生的烟雾可能会限制有效性，因为可湿性粉剂烟雾的产生涉及几个关键变量，这些变量因用户和使用场景的不同而不同，这些变量在分析实验室中无法标准化。这种对PAR-08-212的响应结合了机械工程、化学和临床行为药理学，开发和测试了一种不显眼的可湿性粉尘烟雾采样器，目的是评估自然环境中产生的烟雾的有毒成分。具体目标是：1)描述一种实时的可湿性粉尘烟雾采样装置(1-3年)。我们开发了一种测量喷烟地形并实时(实时)采集可湿性粉尘烟雾的原型装置。由于装置中的颗粒沉积可能会改变烟雾中的有毒物质含量，因此需要开发修正系数，以便从测量结果中推断出真实的有毒物质含量。因此，我们将测量设备中毒物特定的沉积分数，特别是：颗粒数、粒子质量、尼古丁、烟草特定的亚硝胺和多环芳烃。2)评估临床实验室的实时设计选项(第1年和第2年)。两个设计选项，烟雾采样器的位置和采样的烟雾百分比，涉及准确测量有毒物质含量和真实吸烟者行为之间的权衡。我们提出了两项对照临床实验室研究来为设计方案的选择提供信息，研究1涉及采样器放置(碗或口器)，研究2涉及采样烟雾的百分比(2、5或10%)。首选选项可最大限度地进行真实的烟雾毒物分析，同时将对吸烟者行为的影响降至最低。3)在自然环境中进行实时评估(第4年和第5年)。实时将附加到个人和团体的可湿性粉剂食客同意使用的可湿性粉剂。这项研究将展示可湿性粉剂在自然环境中的实时使用，并研究可湿性粉剂使用者的数量与烟草温度和可湿性粉剂烟雾毒物产量之间的关系。总而言之，本项目开发的技术和方法将使可湿性粉尘烟雾毒物含量的分析成为可能。这一跨学科项目解决了一个新的公共卫生威胁，与美国国立卫生研究院的任务直接相关，完全符合PAR-08-212。 公共卫生相关性：该项目与公共健康相关，因为在全国烟草使用流行病中，水烟吸烟是一种鲜为人知但迅速出现的菌株。该项目将通过开发和验证必要的技术来了解自然环境中水烟的有毒成分，从而为防止水烟吸烟对烟草的发病率和死亡率造成重大影响的新努力提供信息。对于吸烟，有关烟雾有毒物质含量的有效和可靠信息已被有效地用于支持烟草使用预防和控制计划；该项目为另一种可能致命的烟草使用寻求类似的积极结果。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Globally, tobacco use accounts for 4.9 million deaths each year. These deaths are caused by inhaled smoke toxicants. Extensive research describes cigarette smoke toxicant content (or "yield"), a vital link to understanding user toxicant exposure. However, millions of people use waterpipes (WP) to smoke tobacco. WP tobacco smoking may also be deadly, though little is known about WP smoke toxicant yield. A WP (hookah, shisha) has a hose, water bowl, body, and a "head" filled with sweetened and flavored tobacco that is heated with charcoal. WP tobacco smoking is increasing in the U.S., especially among college students. Relative to one cigarette, one WP use episode can generate 100 times the smoke. Current technology demands that, if we are to learn about WP smoke, we must use machines to generate it. Machine-generated smoke may limit validity because generation of WP smoke involves several key variables that differ by user and use episode which cannot be standardized in the analytical lab. This response to PAR-08-212 integrates mechanical engineering, chemistry, and clinical behavioral pharmacology to develop and test an unobtrusive WP smoke sampling instrument for the purpose of assessing the toxicant content of smoke produced in the natural environment. The specific aims are to: 1) Characterize a real-time WP smoke sampling device (Years 1-3). We have developed a prototype device that measures puff topography and samples WP smoke in real- time (REALTIME). Because particle deposition in the device may alter smoke toxicant content, correction factors need to be developed to infer true toxicant content from that measured. We will therefore measure toxicant-specific deposition fractions in the device, in particular for: particle number, particle mass, nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 2) Evaluate REALTIME design options in the clinical laboratory (Years 1 and 2). Two design options, placement of the smoke sampler and the percentage of smoke sampled, involve tradeoffs between accurate measurement of toxicant content and realistic smoker behavior. We propose two controlled clinical laboratory studies to inform design option choice, with Study 1 addressing sampler placement (bowl or mouthpiece) and Study 2 addressing percentage of smoke sampled (2, 5, or 10%). The preferred option maximizes realistic smoke toxicant analysis while minimizing effects on smoker behavior. 3) Evaluate REALTIME in the natural environment (years 4 and 5). REALTIME will be attached to WPs used by consenting individual and groups of WP cafi patrons. The study will demonstrate REALTIME's use in natural settings and examine the relationship between the number of WP users and tobacco temperature and WP smoke toxicant yield. In sum, the technology and methodology developed in this project will enable valid analysis of WP smoke toxicant content. This interdisciplinary project addresses an emerging public health threat and is directly relevant to the NIH mission and wholly responsive to PAR-08-212. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project is relevant to public health because waterpipe tobacco smoking is a little-understood but rapidly emerging strain in the nation's tobacco use epidemic. The project will inform nascent efforts to prevent waterpipe tobacco smoking from contributing substantially to tobacco's morbidity and mortality by developing and validating the technology necessary to learn about waterpipe smoke toxicant content in natural settings. For cigarette smoking, valid and reliable information regarding smoke toxicant content has been used effectively to support tobacco use prevention and control programs; this project seeks similar positive outcomes for another potentially lethal form of tobacco use.