Childhood positive affect and anger as predictors of adolescent risky behavior

摘要 青少年从事危险行为，包括物质和烟草使用，过早的性接触， 反社会行为是一个重大的公共卫生问题。然而，解释青少年风险的机制- 目前还没有确定。拟议的工作采取了发展的角度，并整合了多个 分析水平，以确定青少年冒险的早期儿童生物和行为机制。 研究结果将通过确定早期目标机制， 发展的切入点。奖励敏感性被认为与冒险有关，但重要性 奖励敏感性中的情感成分，积极情感（PA）和愤怒，一直被忽视。为 奖励敏感的人，自我调节PA和愤怒的能力可能是降低冒险的关键 因为它允许青少年在奖励驱动的环境中做出理性的决定。而且 考虑到自我调节的能力， 情感在幼儿期发展。基于神经生物学模型，我们假设 倾向于经历不同程度的PA和愤怒的儿童亚组， 降低这些倾向的监管能力;这反过来又会影响以后冒险的可能性。目标 建议的主要内容是：（1）研究儿童表达和行为的发展轨迹， PA和愤怒的生理调节作为青少年参与危险行为的预测因子;（2） 确定儿童PA表达和行为及生理调节的纵向概况， 愤怒从2至5岁，并检查青少年参与危险行为的差异， 确定的轮廓;（3）检查幼儿轮廓之间的间接关联 PA和愤怒的表达和调节以及青少年通过同伴拒绝参与危险行为， 童年中期拟议的工作将采用来自RIGHT Track项目的数据， 纵向研究（N = 447）的发展自我调节过程的儿童的轨迹， 行为问题现有的实验室评估将用于儿童PA的行为编码 表达和调节，行为和生理，在年龄2，4，和5。现有实验室措施 儿童在2岁、4岁和5岁时表达和调节愤怒的能力。一个社会计量学的提名 当孩子们在五年级的程序将被用来创建一个同伴拒绝的措施。多 将审查15岁和17岁时自我和父母报告的冒险措施。

Abstract Adolescent engagement in risky behaviors, including substance and tobacco use, early sexual contact, and antisocial behaviors, is a significant public health concern. Yet, the mechanisms that explain adolescent risk- taking have not been identified. The proposed work takes a developmental perspective and integrates multiple levels of analysis to identify early childhood biological and behavioral mechanisms of adolescent risk-taking. The findings will inform preventive interventions on risk-taking by identifying early target mechanisms and developmental entry points. Reward sensitivity is known to be associated with risk-taking, but the importance of the emotional components of reward sensitivity, positive affect (PA) and anger, have been neglected. For reward-sensitive individuals the ability to self-regulate PA and anger is likely critical in lowering risk-taking because it allows adolescents to make rational decisions in reward-driven contexts. Moreover, the incorporation of a developmental perspective is an essential next step given that the ability to self-regulate emotion develops in early childhood. Based on neurobiological models, we hypothesize that there are subgroups of children inclined to experience varying levels of PA and anger and differentially develop regulatory abilities to lower these proclivities; this, in turn, will affect the likelihood of later risk-taking. The aims of the proposal are (1) to examine the developmental trajectories of children’s expression and behavioral and physiological regulation of PA and anger as predictors of adolescent engagement in risky behaviors; (2) to identify longitudinal profiles of children’s expression and behavioral and physiological regulation of PA and anger from 2 to 5 years of age, and examine differences in adolescent engagement in risky behaviors across the identified profiles; and (3) to examine the indirect association between profiles of early childhood expression and regulation of PA and anger and adolescent engagement in risky behaviors via peer rejection in middle childhood. The proposed work will employ data from the RIGHT Track project, a multi-method longitudinal study (N = 447) of the development of self-regulatory processes in children’s trajectories of behavior problems. Existing laboratory assessments will be used to behaviorally code for children’s PA expression and regulation, behaviorally and physiologically, at ages 2, 4, and 5. Existing laboratory measures of children’s expression and regulation of anger at ages 2, 4, and 5 will be utilized. A sociometric nomination procedure when the children were in the 5th grade will be used to create a measure of peer rejection. Multiple self- and parent report measures of risk-taking at ages 15 and 17 will be examined.