connections between active galactic nuclei and galaxy bulges

物质吸积盘中的紊流磁摩擦旋转进入星系中心的超大质量黑洞，会导致流入的物质升温并发出我们所看到的活动星系核（AGN）的光。这个过程究竟是如何运作的尚不清楚，但各种各样的论点确实表明，从吸积盘发射的风会带走角动量，使物质落入黑洞。这些风影响星系的形成和发展，并将富含金属的气体分布到星系间空间。现在需要的是将数千个AGN的光学和紫外线特性与风模型预测进行详细的比较。了解哪一种风再现了观测结果，将有助于完善理论风模型，并提高我们从观测参数推断AGN基本物理参数的能力。更好地了解AGN风将有助于更好地了解AGN以及星系如何受到AGN反馈的影响。研究AGN反馈的另一种方法是收集大量的星系样本，测量中心恒星凸起和黑洞的特性，并研究这些特性之间的联系。加拿大-法国-夏威夷望远镜遗产巡天和斯隆数字巡天等光谱巡天可以提供这样的样本。CFHTLS的深度、高分辨率成像可以将来自许多星系的光分离成来自它们的恒星凸起、恒星盘和活动核的光。凸起亮度与黑洞质量的关系可以用星系活动核发射线的宽度来校准。将CFHTLS与公开可用的光谱调查相结合，将使黑洞质量-凸起光度相关性的行为在黑洞质量的四个数量级上得到最好的研究，为星系形成和AGN反馈的理论模型设定重要的约束。

Turbulent magnetic friction in an accretion disk of matter spiralling into a supermassive black hole at the center of a galaxy can cause the infalling matter to heat up and give off the light we see as an Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN). Exactly how this process works is not understood, but various lines of argument do suggest that a wind launched from the accretion disk will carry away angular momentum and allow matter to fall into the black hole. These winds affect the formation and development of galaxies and distribute metal-enriched gas into intergalactic space. What is needed now is a detailed comparison of the optical and ultraviolet properties of thousands of AGN with wind model predictions. Knowing which kinds of winds reproduce the observations will help refine theoretical wind models and improve our ability to infer the fundamental physical parameters of AGN from their observable parameters. Better understanding of AGN winds will lead to better understanding of AGN and of how galaxies have been influenced by AGN feedback.Another way to study AGN feedback is to assemble a large sample of galaxies with measurements of both central stellar bulge and black hole properties and study the connections between those properties. Together, the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey and spectroscopic surveys such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey can provide such a sample.  The deep, high-resolution imaging of the CFHTLS enables separation of the light from many galaxies into the light from their stellar bulges, stellar disks, and active nuclei. Bulge luminosity is correlated with black hole mass in a relationship that can be calibrated using the width of emission lines from a galaxy's active nucleus. Combining the CFHTLS with publicly available spectroscopic surveys will enable the best study yet of the behavior of the black hole mass - bulge luminosity correlation over four orders of magnitude in black hole mass, setting important constraints on theoretical models of galaxy formation and AGN feedback.