Modelling soil movement by tillage

耕作在耕种的土地上移动了大量的土壤。对于密集的、仍然是常见的耕作作业，每米耕作宽度的一次耕作可以向耕作方向移动50到100公斤的土壤，并可以移动一些土壤超过4米。土壤运动的特点是耕作过程中的土壤运动和耕作引起的土壤移位。在研究耕作机具的设计、布置和操作时，必须对耕作过程中的土壤运动进行测量。在土壤组分、改良剂和污染物的扩散研究中，有必要测量耕作对土壤的迁移。在研究耕作侵蚀时，也有必要测量移位。耕作侵蚀是指由于移位的变异性而引起的土壤净移动所造成的景观内土壤的流失和堆积。转移量及其变异性受耕作机具的设计和操作以及地貌和土壤特性的影响。尽管耕作转移现在被认为是一个具有重大农业和环境影响的主要景观过程，但与其他景观过程相比，人们对耕作引起的土壤运动了解甚少。为了更好地管理和模拟耕作过程中的土壤运动和耕作过程中的土壤迁移，特别是在坡地上，迫切需要对耕作土壤运动进行基本的了解。这项研究的目的是：1)研究平地和坡地耕作对土壤运动的影响，并在此基础上建立和验证平地和坡地耕作土壤运动的力学模型。这项研究的最终目标将是开发耕作设备、做法和系统，以更好地控制土壤运动，并最大限度地减少耕作转移和耕作侵蚀的不利影响。耕作转移和耕作侵蚀的研究是土壤和环境科学与农业工程相结合的一个新的、迅速发展的研究领域。拟议的研究将对这一新兴的科学和工程领域做出重大贡献。

Tillage moves a tremendous amount of soil within cultivated landscapes. For intensive, and still common tillage operations, one pass of tillage can move 50 to 100 kg of soil per meter width of tillage in the direction of tillage and can move some of that soil in excess of 4 meters. Soil movement is characterized by the movement of soil during tillage and by the displacement, or translocation of soil that is caused by tillage. In the study of tillage tool design, arrangement and operation, it is necessary to measure soil movement during tillage. It is necessary to measure soil translocation by tillage in the study of dispersion of soil constituents, amendments and contaminants. It is also necessary to measure translocation in the study of tillage erosion. Tillage erosion is the loss and accumulation of soil within a landscape resulting from the net movement of soil that is caused by the variability of translocation. The amount of translocation and its variability are affected by the design and operation of tillage implements and by the topographic and soil properties of landscapes. Although tillage translocation is now recognized as a major landscape process with significant agricultural and environmental implications, by comparison to other landscape processes, very little is understood about the movement of soil by tillage. There is a great need for fundamental understanding of soil movement by tillage to better manage and model the movement of soil during tillage and the translocation of soil by tillage, particularly on sloping land. The objectives of the proposed research are: 1) to examine the movement of soil by tillage on level and sloping land, and, based on these findings, 2) to develop and validate mechanistic models of the movement of soil by tillage on level and sloping land. The ultimate goal of this research will be to develop tillage equipment, practices and systems that better control the movement of soil and minimize the adverse effects of tillage translocation and tillage erosion. The study of tillage translocation and tillage erosion is a new and rapidly expanding area of research that integrates soil and environmental sciences with agricultural engineering. The proposed research will make significant contributions to this emerging area of science and engineering.