Cosmological and gravitational models based on averaged theories of gravity

在现代宇宙学研究中最常见的假设是，引力场是由爱因斯坦的广义相对论描述的。基于这一假设的宇宙学模型已经非常成功地解释了大量的观测现象。尽管有大量强有力的观测证据支持广义相对论，但被广泛接受的Lambda冷暗物质宇宙模型仍然存在重大问题。在这个模型中，“暗物质”和“暗能量”都是主要成分。它们被添加到模型中，使其能够与当前的观测实现，而不是作为预测自然地从模型中出来。此外，还有关于各向同性和空间均匀性假设的基本问题。宇宙并非在所有尺度上都是均匀的，我们观察到的结构，因此，在最大尺度上的均匀性和各向同性的假设需要受到质疑。那么问题来了，“有没有一种更自然的方式来解释暗物质和暗能量的影响？”

The most common assumption in the study of modern cosmology is that the gravitational field is described by Einstein's Theory of General Relativity. Cosmological models based on this assumption have been very successful in explaining a wide range of observational phenomena. Despite the plethora of strong observational evidence supporting General Relativity, there continues to be significant problems with the widely accepted Lambda Cold Dark Matter model of the universe. In this model, both "Dark Matter" and "Dark Energy" are primary ingredients. They are added to the model to make it realizable with current observation and do not come out of the model naturally as a prediction. Furthermore, there are fundamental issues regarding the isotropy and spatial homogeneity assumptions. The Universe is not homogeneous on all scales, we observe structures, and, therefore, the assumption of homogeneity and isotropy on the largest of scales needs to be questioned. The question then arises, "Is there is a more natural way to explain the effects of Dark Matter and Dark Energy?"