Ecologic and evolutionary controls on shallow- marine ichnofaunas

生物化学是研究生物与底物之间相互作用所产生的生物结构的学科。通过地质年代对生态动物群的比较，揭示了生态和进化控制的复杂相互作用。不同的示踪剂及其对环境变化的具体反应反映了长期的宏观进化过程。虽然生态控制一直是生物科学研究的重点，但进化方面的探索较少。特别是，原型遗迹相(独特的遗迹化石套件)，尽管在空间和时间上重复出现，但反映了由于古生态突破而在地质时间中发生的变化。该项目的目的是：(1)从分类组成、生态意义和潜在的示踪物质等方面比较不同地质时期的海洋遗迹相；(2)讨论显生宙期间动物群的更替、非动物化程度和殖民史如何改变原型遗迹相的性质。计划的活动包括：(1)在几个不同年龄的海洋序列中进行实地工作，以及(2)建立海洋遗迹相数据库。在较小程度上，该项目将涉及修订遗迹化石收集，作为补充信息。从寒武纪到新近纪的一些地层单位中已经获得了化石信息。其中包括阿根廷、玻利维亚、加拿大和约旦的早古生代，阿根廷、巴西、英格兰和美国的晚古生代，阿根廷、澳大利亚、罗马尼亚和美国的中生代，以及阿根廷、智利、委内瑞拉和罗马尼亚的新生代。更多的野外工作集中在宏观演化的关键时期(寒武纪、奥陶纪)和遗迹信息稀少的时期(例如泥盆纪、古近纪)。数据库将在对文献、遗迹化石标本和野外数据进行严格审查的基础上建立。该数据库将包括遗迹分类组成、保存方式、行为学、摄食策略、分级结构、遗迹公会评估、年龄和沉积环境。

Ichnology involves the study of biogenic structures that result from the interactions between organisms and the substrate. Comparisons of ichnofaunas through geologic time reveal a complex interplay of ecologic and evolutionary controls. The different tracemakers and their specific responses to environmental changes reflect long-term macroevolutionary processes. Although ecologic controls have been the focus of ichnologic research, evolutionary aspects have been less explored. In particular, archetypal ichnofacies (distinctive suites of trace fossils), albeit recurrent in space and time, reflect changes through geologic time as a result of paleoecologic breakthroughs. The aim of this project is: (1) to compare marine ichnofacies through geologic time in terms of taxonomic composition, ecologic significance, and potential tracemakers, and (2) to discuss how faunal turnovers, degree of infaunalization, and colonization histories change the nature of archetypal ichnofacies during the Phanerozoic. The activities planned include: (1) fieldwork in several marine successions of different age, and (2) construction of a database of marine ichnofacies. To a lesser extent, the project will involve revision of trace fossil collections as supplementary information. Ichnologic information has been obtained from a number of stratigraphic units, spanning the Cambrian to the Neogene. These include the early Paleozoic of Argentina, Bolivia, Canada and Jordan, the late Paleozoic of Argentina, Brazil, England and United States, the Mesozoic of Argentina, Australia, Romania and United States, and the Cenozoic of Argentina, Chile, Venezuela and Romania. Additional fieldwork is focused on both critical intervals from a macroevolutionary perspective (Cambrian, Ordovician) and times with sparse ichnologic information (e.g. Devonian, Paleogene) . The database will be constructed based on critical examination of the literature, trace fossil specimens and field data. The database will include ichnotaxonomic composition, preservation styles, ethology, feeding strategies, tiering structure, ichnoguild assessment, age, and depositional environment.