Factors influencing memory encoding and retrieval

识别对成功记忆表现至关重要的认知操作一直是心理学家和神经科学家的持续努力。我的研究计划的长期目标是确定编码和检索操作之间的共性和差异，并确定它们如何在认知和神经水平上相互作用，以影响我们记住过去的能力。本研究的第一部分将研究个体和实验者诱导的记忆中表征信息的差异是否会影响成功的提取。我们很可能可以使用不同的代码，语言的或空间的，来表示不同类型的信息。分散注意力技术-在执行主要记忆任务的同时执行分散注意力的任务-将被用来探测这些记忆表征。神经影像学研究表明，不同的大脑区域和区域网络专门用于在记忆测试期间代表和访问不同类型的信息。这项拟议中的研究将使用认知实验和功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）来识别与记忆有关的大脑区域和网络。虽然成功地从过去检索信息是衡量记忆状态的一个指标，但一个人的记忆质量是另一个指标。第二部分将考虑不同的编码条件如何影响形成和随后检索的记忆痕迹的质量，然后将开发一个神经模型来表征这些不同类型的记忆。功能磁共振成像将用于识别回忆所需的神经区域，并确定与编码有关的大脑区域的感觉特异性再激活是否有助于成功回忆。识别和理解影响编码和检索的变量是这项资助的重点，这一点很重要，原因有很多。首先，它强调了记忆表现可能被破坏的条件和情况，在人类认知过程的认知和神经水平上提供了对限制的洞察。其次，这项研究将确定影响存储在记忆中的编码操作，以及最终可以从过去检索到的编码操作。

Identifying cognitive operations critical for successful memory performance has been an on-going effort of psychologists and neuroscientists. The long-term goal of my research program is to identify commonalities and differences between encoding and retrieval operations, and to determine how they interact, at both the cognitive and the neural level, to influence our ability to remember the past. Part 1 of this grant will examine whether individual, and experimenter-induced, differences in representing information in memory influence successful retrieval. It is likely that we can use different codes, verbal or spatial, to represent different types of information. The divided attention technique - performing a distracting task at the same time as the primary memory task - will be used to probe these memory representations. Neuroimaging studies suggest that distinct brain areas, and networks of regions, are specialized for representing and accessing different kinds of information during a memory test. The proposed research will use cognitive experiments and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify brain regions, and networks, implicated in memory. While success at retrieving information from the past is one measure indexing memory status, the quality of one's memory is another. Part 2 of this grant will consider how different encoding conditions influence the quality of memory trace that is formed and subsequently retrieved, and will then develop a neural model characterizing these qualitatively different types of memories. fMRI will be used to identify the neural regions needed for recollection, and to determine whether sensory-specific reactivation of brain regions implicated at encoding contributes to successful recollection. Identifying and understanding variables which influence encoding and retrieval is the focus of this grant, and is important for a number of reasons. First, it highlights conditions and situations in which memory performance can be disrupted, providing insight into the limitations, at both the cognitive and the neural level of human cognitive processing. Second, this research will identify encoding operations that influence what is stored in memory, and what can ultimately be retrieved from the past.