What role does adaptation play in population differentiation and speciation in highly mobile organisms?

传统上，新物种被认为是在种群逐渐遗传分化后产生的，这些种群被物理上的扩散障碍隔开了。然而，在我们对物种形成的理解上有许多很大的差距。例如，相同的因素是否会扰乱不同物种的扩散？高流动性物种是否从基因上适应了当地的条件？我的研究团队正在海鸟身上解决这样的问题。海鸟提供了有用的研究系统，因为人们通常很好地了解它们的生态，而且它们很容易进行大量采样。此外，由于它们几乎没有遇到扩散的物理障碍，所以在各种生物体中可以促进发散的非物理因素比在流动性较差的生物体中更明显。在之前的资金周期中，我们发现了传统物种形成模式面临的几个令人惊讶的挑战。在目前的应用中，我建议研究局部适应在高流动性生物的种群分化和物种形成中的作用。具体地说，我建议应用生态学(例如生活史)数据和尖端基因组学方法相结合的方法来研究A)带状风暴海燕季节性种族平行适应的遗传基础，以及B)两种北极海鸟的局部适应程度。计划采用两种方法：1)在全基因组范围内比较不同关键性状(如繁殖季节)的个体；2)研究目标(候选)基因的功能变异，如‘时钟’(参与繁殖和迁徙的时间)和‘ADCYAP1’(可能参与迁徙躁动)。鉴于我们广泛的DNA档案、合作者网络和创新历史，我的实验室处于独特的地位，可以最大限度地利用这些研究系统的发现。这项拟议的工作将阐明功能性状的遗传基础、这些性状的适合度效应以及功能基因的变异水平。结果对于了解当地适应的潜力和速度都很重要，并对加拿大几种海鸟的保护有直接好处。该项目将为4名博士、3名硕士提供多学科培训。和大约。公元前10年。学生们。

Traditionally, new species were thought to originate following gradual genetic divergence of populations separated by a physical barrier to dispersal. However there are many large gaps in our understanding of speciation. For example, do the same factors disrupt dispersal in different species? Do highly mobile species adapt to local conditions genetically? My research team is addressing questions such as these in seabirds. Seabirds present useful study systems because their ecology is generally well understood, and they are easy to sample in large numbers. Furthermore, because they encounter few physical barriers to dispersal, non-physical factors that can promote divergence in a variety of organisms are more evident than in less mobile organisms. In the previous funding cycle, we found several surprising challenges to the traditional model of speciation. In the present application, I propose to investigate the role of local adaptation in population differentiation and speciation in highly mobile organisms. Specifically, I propose to apply a combination of ecological (e.g. life history) data and cutting-edge genomic methods to investigate A) the genetic basis of parallel adaptation in seasonal races of band-rumped storm-petrels, and B) the extent of local adaptation in two species of arctic seabirds. Two approaches are planned: 1) genome-wide comparisons of individuals differing in a key trait (e.g. breeding season); and 2) investigation of functional variation in target (candidate) genes such as 'clock' (involved in the timing of reproduction and migration) and 'ADCYAP1' (potentially involved in migratory restlessness). Given our extensive DNA archive, network of collaborators and history of innovation, my lab is uniquely positioned to maximize the findings from these study systems. The proposed work will clarify the genetic basis of functional traits, fitness effects of these traits, and levels of variation in functional genes. Results are important for understanding both the potential for, and rate of, local adaptation, and have direct conservation benefits for several species of Canadian seabirds. This program will provide multidisciplinary training for 4 Ph.D., 3 M.Sc. and approx. 10 B.Sc. students.