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To what extent does governance play a role in how effectively a marine protected area in the Irish Sea reaches its biological and socioeconomic goals?

治理在多大程度上对爱尔兰海海洋保护区如何有效实现其生物和社会经济目标发挥作用？

基本信息

批准号：
2287487
负责人：
金额：
--
依托单位：
King's College London
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Studentship
财政年份：
2019
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2019 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2287487
关键词：
what extent does governance play

项目摘要

Marine life is facing increasingly serious threats due tohuman activity . Greenhouse gasesreleased from the burning of fossil fuels have acceleratedglobal warming at an unprecedented rate, increasing oceantemperatures and acidity with devastating consequences,such as biodiversity loss . Human activity has alsodirectly affected marine life through overfishing, coastalpollution, the introduction of invasive alien species, andhabitat destruction, with estimates that over 60% of globalfishery stocks have already collapsed or are overexploited,with an additional one-third being fully exploited. A widearray of methods is currently applied to adequately manageand protect marine resources, such as ocean zoning,regulating the harvest of species, enforcing catch limits, andestablishing marine protected areas (Levine et al., 2015).Marine protected areas (MPAs) are designed for theconservation of marine life in the face of exploitation andother threats related to human activity, however they areincreasingly used for multiple goals, such as sustainablefisheries and economic development (Christie & Pollnac,2011). The most effective way to manage an MPA is widelydebated, with some experts calling for ecosystem-basedmanagement for multiple species in favour of the traditionalsingle-species fisheries management approach. There is nosingle definition of an MPA and the role of each one dependson its specific objectives. MPAs should meet both biophysicaland socioeconomic needs (Pomeroy et al., 2005); in otherwords, they must ensure long-term conservation of speciesand habitats while also considering ecological, political,economic, and social outcomes. While most studies considereither the biological or the socioeconomic success of marineprotected areas, an increasing number of studies take amore holistic approach to success, accounting for bothbiological and socioeconomic outcomes in their assessments. However, there is a clear gap in the literature relating to what kinds ofgovernance arrangements lead to better biological andsocioeconomic outcomes.This doctoral thesis will focus on the Irish Sea because it is abusy waterway and a strategic geopolitical location. As thereis no tunnel linking the islands of Great Britain and Ireland,much of the exchange of goods and people is done via boatacross the Irish Sea. It is under the jurisdiction of six entities(Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, Isle of Man,Scotland, England, and Wales). While they are currentlymembers of the EU (save for the Isle of Man), and are thussubjected to EU directives, such as the Marine StrategicFramework Directive (MSFD) and the Birds & Habitatsdirectives, they each have their own national organisationsoverseeing the implementation and management of marineprotected areas.This research study aims to understand to what extentgovernance plays a role in how effectively a marine protectedarea in the Irish Sea reaches its biological andsocioeconomic goals. In other words, does the type ofgovernance influence or determine whether or not an MPA issuccessful? There is a lack of research on MPAs in the IrishSea, in spite of almost 200 designations across 95 sites(WDPA, 2019). To explore the state of MPAs in the Irish Sea,this research study will analyse the governance regimes ofseveral case study MPAs and compare their effectiveness interms of reported biophysical and socioeconomic outcomes.It will also identify any any data gaps in assessment reports. Bysurveying and interviewing members of the localcommunities, I will also be able to show how costal residentsview MPAs, their uses and impacts. Ultimately, I hope to giveMPA managers, policy-makers, scientists, researchers, andother stakeholders evidence on which to base more effectivegovernance of their MPAs.

由于人类活动的影响，海洋生物正面临着日益严重的威胁.化石燃料燃烧释放的温室气体以前所未有的速度加速了全球变暖，增加了海洋温度和酸度，造成了破坏性后果，如生物多样性丧失。人类活动还通过过度捕捞、海岸污染、外来入侵物种的引入和栖息地破坏直接影响了海洋生物，据估计，全球渔业资源的60%以上已经崩溃或过度开发，另有三分之一被充分开发。目前有一系列的方法用于充分管理和保护海洋资源，如海洋分区、管理物种的捕捞、执行捕捞限制和建立海洋保护区（Levine等人，2015).海洋保护区（MPAs）旨在保护海洋生物免受人类活动的开发和其他威胁，但它们越来越多地用于多个目标，如可持续渔业和经济发展（Christie & Pollnac，2011）。管理海洋保护区的最有效方式受到广泛辩论，一些专家呼吁对多个鱼种实行基于生态系统的管理，而不是传统的单一鱼种渔业管理办法。MPA没有单一的定义，每个MPA的作用取决于其特定的目标。海洋保护区应同时满足生物和社会经济需求（Pomeroy等人，2005年）;换句话说，它们必须确保物种和栖息地的长期保护，同时还要考虑生态、政治、经济和社会后果。虽然大多数研究考虑海洋保护区的生物或社会经济成功，但越来越多的研究采取更全面的方法来取得成功，在评估中考虑生物和社会经济结果。然而，在有关什么样的治理安排会带来更好的生物和社会经济结果的文献中存在着明显的空白。这篇博士论文将重点放在爱尔兰海，因为它是一条繁忙的水道和一个战略地缘政治位置。由于没有隧道连接大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，大部分货物和人员的交换都是通过穿越爱尔兰海的船只进行的。它由六个实体管辖（北方爱尔兰、爱尔兰共和国、马恩岛、苏格兰、英格兰和威尔士）。虽然他们目前是欧盟成员国，（除马恩岛外），因此受欧盟指令的约束，如海洋战略框架指令（MSFD）和鸟类和鸟类指令，他们每个人都有自己的国家组织来监督海洋保护区的实施和管理。这项研究旨在了解在爱尔兰海海洋保护区的有效性方面，治理在多大程度上发挥了作用达到它的生物学和社会经济学目标。换句话说，管理类型是否影响或决定MPA是否具有问题性？尽管在95个地点有近200个指定，但缺乏对爱尔兰海海洋保护区的研究（WDPA，2019）。为了探索爱尔兰海海洋保护区的状况，本研究将分析几个案例研究海洋保护区的治理制度，并比较其有效性，包括报告的生物物理和社会经济结果。通过调查和采访当地社区的成员，我也将能够展示沿海居民如何看待海洋保护区，它们的用途和影响。最后，我希望给MPA管理者、政策制定者、科学家、研究人员和其他利益相关者提供证据，以更有效地管理他们的MPA。