Signal integration in stomatal development

气孔是陆地植物的关键进化适应，也是一个直观的模型系统，用于分析植物发育是如何从细胞增殖、命运承诺以及细胞大小、位置和形状的控制进行的。生命需要嫩芽和大气之间的气体交换。二氧化碳进入会在光合作用中产生新的碳水化合物，而H2O蒸发会使植物和地球降温。这些气体通过气孔移动，气孔是由两个围绕着毛孔的保卫细胞组成的表皮瓣膜，气孔的打开和关闭允许二氧化碳内流，并最大限度地减少水分损失。

Stomata, which are a key evolutionary adaptation of land plants, are also a visually accessible model system for analyzing how plant development progresses from cell proliferation, fate commitment, and the control of cell size, position, and shape. Life requires gas exchange between shoots and the atmosphere. CO2 entry yields new carbohydrates in photosynthesis, and H2O evaporation cools the plant and the planet. These gases move through stomata, epidermal valves made up of two guard cells around a pore whose opening and closing allows CO2 influx and minimizes water loss.