Ecosystem subsidies in a landscape context

从个体到景观的生态系统支持 没有一个栖息地是孤岛。能量和营养物质通过风、水、植物和动物在水生和陆地环境之间流动。这些营养物质流可以补贴邻近的生态系统，使物种和群落难以划定明确的界限。但它们也提供了一个机会，可以更深入地了解生态学的规模，从个人到社区和社区级过程之间的相互作用。20年的研究已经形成了一个理论框架，可以预测资源补贴对受援国生态系统的影响。但他们也指出了更大规模的调查，以了解生态系统补贴如何影响景观水平的多样性模式。这包括对岛屿地理学和经典物种-面积关系理论的改进。 长期目标。我的长期目标是了解由资源补贴驱动的生态系统之间的联系如何影响从个人到社区和景观的生态。 流域研究的短期目标。(1)测试鲑鱼中的营养物质如何影响植物的生长和繁殖，（2）测试鲑鱼中的营养物质如何影响不列颠哥伦比亚省弗雷泽河流域的鸟类多样性，以及（3）使用文献综合考虑鲑鱼对生态系统管理的影响。 岛屿研究的短期目标。(4)将岛屿地理学理论与生态系统补贴相结合，测试海藻营养物质对岛屿鸟类种-面积关系的影响;（5）测试海藻营养物质对岛屿不同海岸线梯度昆虫多样性的影响。 Approach.我建议测试假设的影响，在大的流域和岛屿在一个偏远的和相对原始的地区沿着海岸的不列颠哥伦比亚省，并在整个弗雷泽河流域的实地研究资源补贴。我提出了一个实验和比较分析相结合，以测试鲑鱼和海藻中的营养素在驱动营养相互作用，丰度和物种-区域关系的作用。 冲击这里提出的研究将推进我们对补贴规模及其影响的理解，从个人的表现到跨景观的社区集合。这将包括第一次全面测试的预测所产生的综合理论的资源补贴和岛屿地理学，从个人的密度到社区的多样性。此外，对流域的研究将有助于满足加拿大的一项关键政策要求，将鲑鱼的生态影响纳入基于生态系统的管理。

ECOSYSTEM SUBSIDIES FROM INDIVIDUALS TO LANDSCAPES No habitat is an island. Energy and nutrients flow between aquatic and terrestrial environments, carried by wind, water, plants, and animals. These nutrient flows can subsidize adjacent ecosystems, making it difficult to draw clear boundaries around species and communities. But they also present an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the scales of ecology from interactions between individuals to communities and landscape-level processes. Two decades of research have led to a theoretical framework that predicts the impacts of resource subsidies on recipient ecosystems. But they also point toward a larger scale of enquiry, to understand how ecosystem subsidies affect patterns of diversity at the landscape level. This includes refinements to the theory of island biogeography and classical species-area relationships. Long-term objective. My long-term goal is to understand how connections between ecosystems driven by resource subsidies affect ecology from individuals to communities and landscapes. Short-term objectives for watershed research. (1) test how nutrients derived from salmon affect growth and reproduction of plants, (2) test how salmon-derived nutrients affect avian diversity across the Fraser River watershed of British Columbia, and (3) use a synthesis of the literature to consider impacts of salmon for ecosystem-based management. Short-term objectives for island research. (4) integrate the theory of island biogeography with ecosystem subsidies to test effects of nutrients from seaweed on avian species-area relationships on islands, and (5) test effects of nutrients from seaweed on insect diversity across shoreline gradients on islands. Approach. I propose to test hypotheses about the impacts of resource subsidies in large field studies of watersheds and islands in a remote and relatively pristine region along the coast of British Columbia, and throughout the Fraser River basin. I propose a combination of experiments and comparative analyses to test the roles of nutrients from salmon and seaweed in driving trophic interactions, abundance, and species-area relationships. Impact. The research proposed here will advance our understanding of the scale of subsidies and their influence, from the performance of individuals to the assembly of communities across landscapes. This will include the first comprehensive tests of predictions arising from an integration of theories about resource subsidies and island biogeography, ranging from densities of individuals to diversity of communities. Furthermore, research on watersheds will help meet a key policy requirement in Canada, by incorporating ecological effects of salmon into ecosystem-based management.