An evaluation of alternate fuels for cement kilns

将不可回收的废塑料(WP)转移到垃圾填埋场，为加拿大水泥窑的废物转移和替代燃料使用提供了双重解决方案。初步实验室试验估计，在水泥窑中使用可湿性粉剂作为替代燃料时，颗粒物和气态空气污染排放将显著减少。然而，利益相关者主要担心，可湿性粉剂替代燃料在加拿大各地的水泥窑使用时可能会产生不良排放。这项五年研究计划将包括四个相互关联的主题：(1)最合适的可湿性粉剂替代燃料处理方法；(2)将可湿性粉剂衍生燃料输送到水泥窑的最佳方法；(3)可湿性粉剂衍生燃料对水泥窑烟囱排放的影响；(4)评估这些排放对环境空气质量、社区和环境的影响。将进行实验室和现场试验相结合，以确定最佳的可湿性粉剂替代燃料处理和窑炉输送方法。实验室分析将包括可湿性粉剂的完整化学特征。位于新斯科舍省布鲁克菲尔德的Lafarge Canada Inc.水泥厂将在使用可湿性粉剂补充燃料之前和之后测试水泥窑堆排放特性。进一步的烟囱测试将在加拿大的其他水泥窑完成，例如魁北克省的St.Constant。布鲁克菲尔德工厂将建立两个环境空气质量监测点，以确定在使用WP替代燃料之前和之后窑炉排放对地面空气质量的影响。一个选址将位于水泥窑的上风向和一个下风向。在布鲁克菲尔德水泥厂的排放特征确定后，这两个空气质量良好的地点将搬迁到其他水泥窑。USEPA AERMOD高斯空气扩散、USEPA CMAQ和土地使用回归模型将用于模拟社区暴露于加拿大拉法基水泥厂的空气污染排放。USEPA正矩阵分解受体模型将用于下风向社区水泥厂颗粒物和气态空气排放的源解析。此外，来自地球同步、高时空分辨率的NASA新Tempo卫星的遥感测量也将用于跟踪水泥窑中空气污染物的扩散情况。总之，这些最先进的测量、建模和遥感方法将用于评估社区暴露和与加拿大旋转水泥窑使用不可回收的可湿性粉剂作为替代燃料来源有关的排放对环境的影响。这项研究有可能转移垃圾填埋场的可湿性粉尘，以更低的成本提供替代能源，改善顺风向社区的空气质量，并减少水泥行业对顺风向生态系统的影响，最终帮助缓解气候变化。

Diverting non-recyclable waste plastic (WP) destined for landfill presents a dual solution to both waste diversion and alternate fuel use in Canadian cement kilns. Preliminary laboratory trials estimate that there would be a significant reduction in particulate and gaseous air pollution emissions when using WP as an alternative fuel in cement kilns. However, there are major concerns by stakeholders that WP alternative fuel may produce undesirable emissions when used in cement kilns across Canada. This five year research program will include four interrelated themes: (1) the most appropriate WP alternative fuel handling methods; (2) the optimum method for delivering WP derived fuel into cement kilns (3) the impact of WP derived fuel on cement kiln stack emissions and (4) estimating the impact of these emissions on ambient air quality, communities and the environment. A combination of laboratory and field trials will be conducted to determine the optimum WP alternative fuel handling and kiln delivery method. Laboratory analysis will include the complete chemical characterization of the WP. Cement kiln stack emission characteristics will be tested at the Lafarge Canada Inc. cement plant in Brookfield, Nova Scotia, before and after WP supplemental fuel usage. Further stack testing would be completed at other cement kilns in Canada, e.g. St. Constant, Quebec. Two ambient air quality monitoring sites would be established at the Brookfield plant to determine the impact of the kiln emissions on surface air quality before and after the use of WP alternative fuel. One site would be located upwind and one downwind of the cement kiln. These two air quality sites would be relocated to other cement kilns after the emissions from the Brookfield cement plant have been characterized. The USEPA AERMOD Gaussian air dispersion, USEPA CMAQ and Land Use Regression models will be used to model community exposure to air pollution emissions from the Lafarge cement plants in Canada. The USEPA Positive Matrix Factorization receptor model will be used for the source apportionment of particulate and gaseous air emissions from the cement plants in downwind communities. In addition, remote sensing measurements from the geostationary, high spatiotemporal resolution, new NASA TEMPO satellite will also be used to track the dispersion of air pollutants from the cement kilns. Together, these state-of-the-art measurements, modelling and remote sensing methodologies will be used to estimate community exposure and impacts on the environment from emissions related to the use of non-recyclable WP as an alternative fuel source in rotary cement kilns in Canada. This research has the potential to divert WP from landfill, provide alternative energy at a reduced cost, improve air quality in downwind communities and reduce the impact of the cement industry on downwind ecosystems and ultimately helping to mitigate climate change.