Genomics of ash-emerald ash borer interactions

祖母绿灰螟（EAB）是一种侵入性的钻木甲虫，其幼虫在灰树的树皮下钻隧道，可以在几年内杀死受感染的树木。EAB是偶然从中国引进的，自从2002年在底特律-温莎地区发现以来，这种昆虫已经蔓延到安大略和魁北克（以及美国大部分地区），杀死了森林，公园和城市街道上数百万棵白蜡树。白蜡树是城市林业的关键物种，在加拿大各城市的街道和公园树木中占很大比例（高达40%）。在灰侵染期间，EAB在韧皮部中取食，导致树木的脉管系统的逐渐破坏。只有当甲虫从树皮上爬出来时，才能识别出受感染的树木。因此，迫切需要开发创新的工具来检测和监测新的侵扰，有效地管理这种外来昆虫，基于灰响应EAB的分子表征。 EAB的耐药机制目前尚不清楚。亚洲物种的白蜡树比北美物种表现出更大的抵抗力，一些实验室已经开始寻找抵抗机制的生化过程。到目前为止，重点一直在叶生化与成人喂养和维管形成层幼虫喂养。整体方法是由筛选成熟的灰烬在不同的环境与不同程度的EAB的侵扰，也制定了一个协议，在受控条件下的盆栽绿色灰树与EAB的实验侵扰。收获侵染和对照组织，并用于在基因和蛋白质表达水平上分析白蜡树维管形成层。EAB诱导基因的鉴定和表征将为阐明对EAB的抗性和敏感性机制以及开发诊断标记开辟未知的途径。

The emerald ash borer (EAB) is an invasive wood-boring beetle whose larvae tunnel under the bark of ash trees and can kill an infested tree within a few years. EAB was introduced accidentally from China, and since its discovery in the Detroit-Windsor area in 2002, the insect has spread across Ontario and into Quebec (as well as large parts of the USA), killing millions of ash trees in forests, parks and city streets. Ash is a key species in urban forestry, making up a significant proportion (up to 40%) of street and park trees in municipalities across Canada. During ash infestation EAB is feeding in the phloem resulting in the progressive destruction of the vascular system of the tree. Infected trees cannot be identified until the beetles emerge from the bark. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop innovative tools to detect and monitor new infestations for effective management of this alien insect, based on a molecular characterization of the ash response to EAB. Mechanisms of resistance to EAB are currently unknown. Asian species of ash show greater resistance than North American species, and some laboratories have begun looking for biochemical processes that underlie the resistance mechanisms. To date, the focus has been on leaf biochemistry in relation with adult feeding and vascular cambium for larval feeding. The overall approach is composed of screening mature ashes in various environments with variable degrees of infestation by EAB and also to develop a protocol for experimental infestation of potted green ash trees with EAB under controlled conditions. Infested and control tissues will be harvested and used for analysis of ash vascular cambium at the gene and protein expression levels. Identification and characterization of EAB-induced genes of ash will open unexplored avenues for elucidating resistance and susceptibility mechanisms to EAB and for developing diagnostic markers.