Encoding and retrieval factors in human memory

拟议计划的总体目标是继续我的研究相关因素的记忆编码和检索过程，通过集中在几个悬而未决的问题，是必要的，以更全面地了解人类记忆及其变化的整个生命周期。这些问题包括工作记忆的性质及其与注意力、执行功能和特定能力的关系;“处理资源”的性质及其在与年龄相关的记忆变化中的作用;影响前瞻记忆任务表现的因素，以及"无意识识别“的实验。“我还计划继续研究双语对记忆和注意力控制的影响，重点是它们的神经相关性。在初步工作中，我们已经表明，言语和空间WM的措施基本上是独立的，我现在希望扩大这个实验来衡量WM的言语，空间，音乐和面部识别能力。主要的问题涉及工作记忆的能力和注意控制方面的领域一般性或特殊性。我也将在一个合作的fMRI研究中检验这个问题。我将继续探讨与注意力资源的概念及其在编码和提取过程中的作用有关的问题;与年龄相关的记忆困难是否可以追溯到处理资源的下降？在第三组研究中，我将继续合作研究双语对认知老化的影响。这里的两条主线首先是一个实验，旨在探索双语对老年人记忆的可能有益影响。我的预测是，非语言材料和识别的“有意识回忆”方面的效果将最强。我们还计划进行一项神经影像学研究，以跟进初步发现，即双语能力是一种认知储备形式。我们希望证实的概念，双语并没有减缓与年龄相关的萎缩的中颞区，而是增强了位于额叶的代偿活动。最后，我将进行无意识识别实验，以及前瞻记忆和规划中与年龄相关的差异实验。

The general goals of the proposed program are to continue my investigations of relevant factors in memory encoding and retrieval processes by focusing on several outstanding questions that are necessary for a fuller understanding of human memory and its changes across the lifespan. These questions include the nature of working memory and its relations to attention, executive functions and specific abilities; the nature of 'processing resources' and their role in age-related memory changes; factors influencing performance in prospective memory tasks, and experiments on the reality of 'recognition without awareness.' I also plan to continue work on the effects of bilingualism on memory and attentional control, with some emphasis on their neural correlates. In preliminary work we have shown that measures of verbal and spatial WM are essentially independent; I now wish to extend this experiment to measure WM for verbal, spatial, musical and face-recognition abilities. The major questions concern the domain generality or specificity of both the ability and the attentional control aspects of WM. I will also examine this question in a collaborative fMRI study. I will continue to explore questions relating to the concept of attentional resources and their role in encoding and retrieval processes; can age-related memory difficulties be traced to declining processing resources? In a third group of studies, I will continue collaborative work on the effects of bilingualism on cognitive aging. The two main lines here are first an experiment to explore possible beneficial effects of bilingualism on memory in older adults. My prediction is that effects will be strongest with nonverbal material and in the 'conscious recollection' aspect of recognition. We also plan a neuroimaging study to follow up on preliminary findings that suggest that bilingualism is a form of cognitive reserve. We wish to confirm the notion that bilingualism does not slow the rate of age-related atrophy of medial-temporal regions, but rather enhances compensatory activity located in the frontal lobes. Finally, I will conduct experiments on recognition without awareness, and on age-related differences in prospective memory and planning.