Early-life adversity, dopamine, and decision-making processes

个体寻求生存和繁衍所必需的奖赏，如食物、水、住所和配偶。然而，必须对这些奖励做出许多决定-收集奖励的时间，不同类别奖励之间的选择，以及类别选择。这些过程异常复杂，因为它们整合了自我平衡和情感状态，“计划”以及以前学到的东西。通过工具性学习，个人学会如何获得这些奖励。然而，其他过程，如巴甫洛夫条件反射也会影响这些过程。巴甫洛夫条件刺激可以改变动机状态，促进工具性学习。事实上，许多实验研究已经研究了巴甫洛夫条件反射如何促进工具性学习和表现。

Individuals seek rewards essential for survival and procreation, such as food, water, shelter, and mates. Yet numerous decisions have to be made about these rewards – timing of collecting rewards, choice between different classes of rewards, as well as within category choices. These processes are exceptionally complex as they integrate homeostatic and affective states, ‘plans’, as well as what has previously been learned. Through instrumental learning individuals learn how to obtain these rewards. However, other processes, such as Pavlovian conditioning can influence these processes as well. Pavlovian conditioned stimuli can alter motivational states and facilitate instrumental learning. In fact, numerous experimental studies have investigated how Pavlovian conditioning can facilitate instrumental learning and performance.