Decentralized Operation, Control, and Communications in Smart Grid

在未来的智能电网中，分布式能源（DER）的渗透率将会很高。DER的典型例子包括分布式发电（DG）单元，如光伏板和风力涡轮机，以及分布式存储（DS）单元，如电池、飞轮和具有车辆到电网功能的插电式电动汽车（pev）。由于DER的整合主要发生在对成本敏感的配电系统和微电网中，对大量DG和DS机组建立集中运行和控制是不可行的。另一方面，分散的操作和控制可以基于低成本的无线网络和计算设备进行应用，并且很好地适应DER集成的即插即用性质。尽管有这些优点，但由于DG单元的随机输出、DS单元的缓冲效应以及无线通信介质上的通信延迟和数据包丢失，在智能电网中通过无线通信开发分散的操作和控制方案在技术上具有挑战性。

A high penetration level of distributed energy resources (DER) is expected in the future smart grid. Typical examples of DER include distributed generation (DG) units such as photovoltaic panels and wind turbines, and distributed storage (DS) units such as batteries, flywheels and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) with vehicle-to-grid capabilities. As the integration of DER mainly takes place in power distribution systems and microgrids which are cost-sensitive in nature, establishing centralized operation and control over a large number of DG and DS units becomes infeasible. On the other hand, decentralized operation and control can be applied based on cost-effective wireless networks and computing devices, and fit well to the plug-and-play nature of DER integration. Despite all the advantages, developing decentralized operation and control schemes via wireless communications in smart grid is technically challenging due to the random output of DG units, buffering effect of DS units, and communication delays and packet losses over a wireless communication medium.