Phosphorus transformation and transport from fertilizers and manures

磷是包括农作物在内的所有生命形式所必需的元素。土壤中磷的供应通过添加肥料来增加，以确保经济产量。然而，在施磷当年，农作物对磷的肥料利用率很少超过20%。通过控制肥料带的化学成分来提高肥料磷的效率，将产生农艺效益和环境效益。这是通过减少磷肥和土壤残留磷，从而减少磷向地表水流失的风险。例如，2013年，世界第十大淡水湖和第三大水电水库温尼伯湖被全球自然基金会宣布为“年度受威胁湖泊”。因此，迫切需要更好地了解农业土壤中磷的动态，以帮助建立有效减少土壤中磷向地表水流失的措施。我的研究项目是研究在添加化肥和有机肥后磷在土壤中的迁移和转化。在接下来的5年周期中，我提出了一系列关于肥料和有机肥P的创新研究，这些研究将解决管理P的一些农艺和环境挑战。在农学领域，我的长期目标是更好地了解土壤P的动态，可用于显著提高P肥的效率。到目前为止，我的团队进行的研究表明，P的移动性和溶解性通过与P配合使用而增加。我们还发现，在模拟土壤中形成的P的种类受到硫酸盐的影响。因此，我们需要鉴定和量化实际土壤中形成的磷的形态，并将其与添加硫酸盐时磷的溶解性增加联系起来。我的HQP和我将研究土壤性质与对硫酸盐的响应之间的关系，并制定农业土壤的硫酸盐响应指数。我将使用化学平衡模型来提供土壤中磷吸附和降水的机理信息。我们将比较不同畜禽粪便带和磷肥的磷的移动和溶解情况。我们所产生的信息将有助于我们努力寻找正确的配方来提高磷的肥料利用效率和粪便磷的管理。例如，如果磷的利用效率提高10%，加拿大农民每年可以节省6000万美元的磷肥成本。这项为期5年的探索资助研究将支持对2名博士和3名硕士学生的培训，他们将获得P化学领域的技能和现代光谱技术的使用。他们将是理想的雇员，成为政府实验室和部门、学者和化肥行业的科学家。由于P在不同司法管辖区的重要性日益增加，加拿大需要更多在这一领域接受培训的人员。

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all forms of life including agricultural crops.The soil supply of P is augmented by fertilizer addition to ensure economic yield. However, the fertilizer use efficiency of P by agricultural crops rarely exceeds 20% in the year of application. Increasing the efficiency of fertilizer P by manipulating the chemistry of the fertilizer band will produce both agronomic and environmental benefits. This is through a reduction in P fertilizer and residual soil P thereby reducing the risk of P loss to surface waters. For example, in 2013, Lake Winnipeg, the 10th largest body of freshwater and 3rd largest reservoir of hydroelectric in the world, was declared as the “Threatened Lake of the Year” by the Global Nature Fund. There is therefore an urgent need to better understand the dynamics of P in agricultural soils to aid the establishment of practices that effectively reduce the loss of P from soils to surface waters. My research program investigates the transport and transformation of P in soil following additions of fertilizers and manures. For the next 5-year cycle, I propose a series of innovative studies on fertilizer and manure P that will address some of the agronomic and environmental challenges of managing P. In the area of agronomy, my long-term objective is to generate a better understanding of soil P dynamics that can be used to significantly increase the efficiency of fertilizer P. Studies that my group has conducted to date have shown that the mobility and solubility of P is increased by the co-application of sulfate salts with P. We have also discovered that the species of P that are formed in model soils was influenced by sulfate salt. We therefore need to identify and quantify the species of P formed in real soils and relate these to increased solubility of P when sulfate salts are added to P. My HQP and I will study the relationship between soil properties and response to sulfate salts and develop a sulfate salt response index for agricultural soils. I will use chemical equilibrium model to provide mechanistic information on P sorption and precipitation in soils. We will compare the movement and solubility of P from different animal manure bands to that of P fertilizer. The information that we generate will aid our efforts at finding the right formula for improving fertilizer use efficiency of P and the management of manure P. If P use efficiency is increased by 10%, for example, there is a saving of $60 million per annum by Canadian farmers in P fertilizer cost. This 5-year cycle of Discovery Grant research will support the training of 2 PhD and 3 MSc students who will gain skills in the area of P chemistry and the use of modern spectroscopic techniques. They will be desirable employees as scientists in government labs and departments, academics, and fertilizer industry. Because of the increasing importance of P across different jurisdictions, Canada needs more people trained in this area.*** **